. 2018 Sep;18(3):737–742. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v18i3.32

Table 1.

Relationships between various characteristics and vitamin A deficiency

Characteristic	Vitamin A status		Statistical significance (p)
	VAD n (%)	Normal n (%)

Sex
Male	12 (13.2)	79 (86.8)	χ² = 1.07, p = 0.302
Female	15 (19.0)	64 (81.0)	χ² = 1.07, p = 0.302

Age-group
≥24 months	25 (17.1)	121 (82.9)	^*p = 0.375
<24 months	2 (8.3)	22 (91.7)	^*p = 0.375

Social class
High	2 (8.0)	23 (92.0)	^*p = 0.375
Low	25 (20.0)	120 (82.8)	^*p = 0.375

Stool frequency
3–5 episodes/day	22 (16.3)	113 (83.7)	χ² = 2.92, p = 0.232
6–9 episodes/day	5 (18.5)	22 (81.5)
≥10 episodes/day	0 (0.0)	8 (100.0)
Duration of diarrhoea
1–7 days	24 (15.0)	136 (85.0)	χ² = 1.82, p = 0.402
8–14 days	2 (40.0)	3 (60.0)
≥14 days	1 (20.0)	4 (80.0)
Type of diarrhoea
Dysentery	2 (18.2)	9 (81.8)	^*p = 0.687
Non-bloody diarrhoea	25 (15.7)	134 (84.3)	^*p = 0.687
Degree of dehydration
Mild dehydration	4 (13.8)	25 (86.2)	χ² = 2.78, p = 0.249
Moderate dehydration	4 (25.0)	12 (75.0)
Severe dehydration	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)
Presence of fever
Yes	22 (18.8)	95 (81.2)	χ² = 2.40, p = 0.122
No	5 (9.4)	48 (90.6)	χ² = 2.40, p = 0.122
Breastfeeding status
Still breastfeeding	14 (14.1)	85 (85.9)	χ² = 1.93, p = 0.165
No longer breastfeeding	11 (23.4)	36 (76.6)	χ² = 1.93, p = 0.165
Immunization status
Appropriate for age	22 (15.5)	120 (84.5)	χ² = 0.92, p = 0.633
Incomplete	5 (19.2)	21 (80.8)
None	0 (0.0)	2 (100.0)
Underweight
Yes	6 (24.0)	19 (76.0)	χ² = 1.45, p = 0.229
No	21 (14.5)	124 (85.5)	χ² = 1.45, p = 0.229
Stunting
Yes	4 (12.9)	27 (87.1)	^*p = 0.788
No	23 (16.5)	116 (83.5)	^*p = 0.788
Wasting
Yes	9 (31.0)	20 (69.0)	^*p = 0.023
No	18 (12.8)	123 (87.2)	^*p = 0.023
Hospitalization
Yes	12 (35.3)	22 (64.7)	χ² = 11.99, p = 0.001
No	15 (11.0)	121 (89.0)	χ² = 11.99, p = 0.001
Dyselectrolytaemia
Yes	8 (47.1)	9 (52.9)	χ² = 2.06, p = 0.151
No	4 (23.5)	13 (76.5)	χ² = 2.06, p = 0.151

Fisher's exact test applied.