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(a) Schematics of the spinel LiMn2O4 crystal structure, and (b) the structural network for lithium diffusion within the LiMn2O4 crystal. (c) Out-of-plane XRD measurements of 110 nm LiMn2O4 epitaxial thin films on 50 nm SrRuO3-coated Nb-SrTiO3 substrates with different crystal orientations: (100), (110), and (111). Nb-SrTiO3 substrate peaks are indicated by □, and SrRuO3 are indicated by *, whereas minor contributions of Mn2O3 phase are given by •.
