Table 3.

Risk factors for pre-frail and frail status by odds ratio in logistic regression analysis

	Pre-Frailty and Frailty (Versus Robust)
Variable	Univariate Model				Multivariate Model *
	Odds Ratio	95% CI		p Value	Odds Ratio	95% CI		p Value
		Lower Limit	Upper Limit			Lower Limit	Upper Limit
Age (years)	1.03	1.00	1.06	0.07	1.02	0.98	1.05	0.33
Sex
Female	1.00				1.00
Male	0.88	0.63	1.21	0.42	1.06	0.74	1.52	0.76
BMI (kg/m2)	1.05	0.99	1.11	0.09	1.04	0.98	1.11	0.18
Education level
Illiterate	2.84	1.42	5.71	<0.01	1.66	0.65	4.24	0.29
Elementary school	2.34	1.23	4.45	0.01	1.46	0.63	3.41	0.38
Junior/senior high school	1.56	0.78	3.10	0.21	0.95	0.42	2.18	0.91
College or above	1.00				1.00
Health literacy
Inadequate	3.39	1.93	5.94	<0.01	1.71	0.82	3.56	0.15
Problematic	1.65	0.99	2.76	0.06	1.11	0.58	2.14	0.74
Sufficient	3.06	1.80	5.21	<0.01	2.51	1.32	4.77	0.01
Excellent	1.00				1.00
Annual income
No income	1.92	0.97	3.82	0.06	1.52	0.72	3.22	0.28
≤8000 USD	1.14	0.79	1.64	0.48	0.99	0.65	1.51	0.96
>8000 USD	1.00				1.00
Comorbidities (No. of diseases)
0–2	1.00				1.00
≥3	1.91	1.16	3.14	0.01	1.35	0.78	2.32	0.28
Polypharmacy (No. of medications)
<5	1.00				1.00
≥5	1.40	0.99	1.99	0.06	1.02	0.69	1.52	0.92
GDS-5 score
<2	1.00				1.00
≥2	1.92	1.26	2.93	<0.01	1.58	0.99	2.52	0.053
Physical activity (IPAQ)
Insufficiently active	1.47	1.06	2.03	0.02	1.55	1.07	2.23	0.02
Sufficiently/highly active	1.00				1.00
Protein intake (g/kg/day)
<0.8	1.15	0.52	2.55	0.72	1.06	0.45	2.53	0.89
0.8–1	0.71	0.30	1.68	0.44	0.70	0.28	1.73	0.44
≥1	1.00				1.00

GDS-5, Geriatric depression scale-5; IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaires. * Adjusted R squared = 0.115.