Table 3.

Summary of articles discussing IL-1 beta and glutamate

Study	Subjects	Method	Result/Conclusion
Xiaoqin et al. [54]	Cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats	Injection of IL-1 beta and IL-6; immuno-histochemistry	Increased glutamate and decreased GABA observed
Donnelly et al. [55]	Synaptosome pellets prepared from brains of 8-12 week-old BALB/c female mice intoxicated with glycerol	In vitro techniques	Report increased IL-1 beta levels and decreased glutamate release in hippocampus tissue
Hu et al. [56]	Human astrocyte cultures subjected to several cytokines and 3H-glutamate	Northern blot analysis and other in vitro techniques	Proinflammatory cytokines inhibit astrocyte glutamate uptake
Huang et al. [57]	Intracerebroventricular injection of IL-1beta in adult male New Zealand white rabbits	Intracerebral microdialysis	Glutamate induced by IL-1 beta
Mascarucci et al. [58]	Intraperitoneal injection of IL-1 beta in freely moving male Sprague–Dawley rats	Brain microdialysis	Increased glutamate released in the nucleus tractus solitarius
Murray et al. [59]	Synaptosomes prepared from male Wistar rats	Immunoblotting with specific antibody	IL-1 beta inhibits potassium chloride-stimulated glutamate release in tissue from young (4 month), in the presence of calcium
Gonzalez et al. [60]	Adult male Wistar rats	Intrahippocampal injection of IL-1 beta; preparation of synaptosomes; in vitro technique to assay glutamate release	IL-1 beta decreases glutamate release from dorsal hippocampus synaptosomes after contextual fear conditioning

The query which retrieved the first two studies used the term “brain”, and that which retrieved the other studies used the term “epilepsy”)