Table 5.

Summary of articles discussing glutamate and inflammatory bowel disease

Study	Subjects	Method	Result/Conclusion
Clarke et al. [68]	Male patients with irritable bowel syndrome and healthy controls	High performance liquid chromato-graphy on plasma samples	Kynurenic acid was decreased in patients with disease
Varga et al. [69]	Male Wistar rats after inducing colonic inflammation with TNBS	Measurements on anesthetized animals and on blood samples and colon biopsies after administration of kynurenic acid	Reduced inflammatory enzyme activities, decreased intestinal motility, and increased tone of the colon
Carpanese et al. [70]	Enteric neuron cultures from adult male rats	In vitro ischemic injury; reperfusion; blockage of glutamate receptors; Immuno-cytochemistry to measure cytotoxicity	Blockade of glutamate receptors (NMDA and AMPA/kainite) may be neuroprotective
Forrest et al. [71]	Patients with mild IBD	Measured serum concentrations of purines and kynurenines	Kynurenine modulation of glutamate receptors is involved in the symptoms of IBD