Table 2.

Different cell delivery methods for the regeneration of target organs

Approach	Advantage	Limitation	Ref
Scaffolds	• Carrying cells • Delivery pro-angiogenic factors • Providing 3D condition • Having stability	• Timely degradation • Toxicity • Immune-modulatory effects	[127–130]
Stem cell priming or pretreatment	• Improve differentiation rate • Improve migration and homing rate to target tissue • Improve cell function	• Cellular senescence • Critical consideration for cell treatment	[131–136]
Exosomes	• Bio-shuttle for pro- and anti-angiogenic factors • Lack of immune-privileged capacity	• Promotes tumorgenesis • Needs to isolate and concentrated	[137–142]
Magnetic enhancement techniques	• Facilitate the cell retention rate • Control cells mobilization into target sites • Track transplanted cells in in vivo	• Provide micro-emboli for cells with small size features	[143–145]
Ultrasound techniques	• Enhance delivery of cells to target sites	• Yields cytotoxicity by promoting necrosis or apoptosis • Tissue damage such as arrhythmias, endothelium malfunction such as capillary leakage	[146–148]
Enhanced homing technique	• Enhance proliferating, migrating, and alignment of EPCs to target sites	ND*	[146, 149]
Mannitol-enhanced delivery	• Used for cell delivery through the blood-brain barrier	• Being selective for distinct cells and factors	[48, 150–152]

*Not fully determined