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. 2018 Dec 20;9:664. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00664

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Copyright © 2018 Wahlberg, Guazzetti, Pineda, Larsson, Fedrighi, Cagna, Zoni, Placidi, Wright, Smith, Lucchini and Broberg.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The effect of blood Mn estimated from the instrumental variable (IV) analyses and associations of SLC30A10 genotypes with neurological testing. Left graphs show the effect of blood Mn estimated from the IV analyses with the genetic score as the IV (with 95% bootstrapped confidence band for the regression estimates) on neurological testing for IQ (Wechsler scales) and sway. The right graphs show the distribution of neurological testing for the various allelic combinations of the SNPs that showed the strongest association with the outcome. The SLC30A10 rare allele A, which was associated with higher blood manganese (Mn) showed reduced scoring for Wechsler subscales arithmetic and digit span. IV-analysis showed significant negative associations between blood Mn and scoring. We also observed associations for SLC30A10 rs12064812 genotypes with coding and sway (sway area), where the rare allele C, which was associated with lower blood Mn, was associated with higher coding and reduced sway. The IV analyses of blood Mn vs. coding and sway were significant. Manganese, Mn; instrumental variable, IV.