Table 2.

Means (Standard Deviation) in “No-VR” condition vs. “Yes-VR” condition.

	No-VR Mean (SD)	Yes-VR Mean (SD)	t (df)	p-value (Sig 1-tail)	Cohen’s d Effect size
Time spent thinking about pain	3.23 (2.98)	1.33 (1.05)	2.39 (14)	< 0.05	.62 moderate
Worst Pain	3.60 (3.00)	2.00 (1.20)	1.99 (14)	< 0.05	.51 moderate
Pain Unpleasantness	3.27 (3.43)	0.93 (1.16)	2.70 (14)	< 0.01	.70 moderate
Nausea	0.80 (2.60)	0.00 (0.000)	1.19 (14)	0.25 NS
Fun	2.93 (3.58)	8.80 (1.42)	−6.60 (14)	< 0.001	1.71 large effect size
Presence		7.93 (1.79)
Realism of VR objects		6.80 (2.37)