Table 1. Characteristics of indigenous and non-indigenous people and maternal health care, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia, 2010 and 2015.

Characteristic	Country
	Guatemala	Mexico	Peru	Plurinational State of Bolivia
Maternal mortality ratio in 2015, per 100 000 live births	88	38	68	206
Maternal health issues in 2015	(i) indigenous women had a maternal mortality ratio three times that in non-indigenous women; (ii) only 30% of indigenous women had a skilled birth attendant; and (iii) the proportion of women with an unmet need for contraception was four times higher in the poorest quintile than the richest	(i) pregnant women with private insurance had more antenatal consultations and received higher-quality services than women with public or no insurance; (ii) a low educational level increased a woman’s risk of dying from eclampsia or haemorrhage; and (iii) women with pregnancy complications experienced delays because of ineffective triage	(i) the maternal mortality ratio in some mainly indigenous regions was more than six times higher than in the national capital; (ii) the difference between the poorest and richest quintiles in the proportion of women who had a skilled birth attendant was 32 percentage points; and (iii) in some areas, the advanced equipment needed for emergency obstetric care was available only in provincial capitals	(i) the maternal mortality ratio was one of the highest in the world; (ii) the difference between the poorest and richest quintiles in the proportion of women who had at least four antenatal visits was greater than 20 percentage points; and (iii) the difference between rural and urban women in the proportion who had a skilled birth attendant was 26 percentage points
Indigenous population in 2010	5 881 009	16 933 283	7 021 271	6 216 026
Indigenous people as a proportion of the population in 2010, %	41.0	15.1	24.0	62.2
Ethnic inequities in 2010
Proportion living on less than US$ 4 per day, %
Indigenous people	77	40	32	44
Non-indigenous people	49	23	16	20
Proportion educated to lower than primary level, %
Indigenous people	43	48	52	41
Non-indigenous people	20	33	35	22
Proportion living in rural areas, %
Indigenous people	ND	46	47	52
Non-indigenous people	ND	19	18	13

ND: not determined.

Data sources: The World Bank.^7,8