Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the matched patient cohorts
| COACH participants (n=544) | Non-COACH patients (n=544) | P value | |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 56.5 (9.80) | 56.5 (10.5) | |
| Age, group, years, n (%) | |||
| 18–34 | 14 (2.57) | 14 (2.57) | |
| 35–44 | 45 (8.27) | 45 (8.27) | |
| 45–54 | 149 (27.39) | 149 (27.39) | |
| 55–64 | 241 (44.30) | 241 (44.30) | |
| 65+ | 95 (17.46) | 95 (17.46) | |
| Male gender, n (%) | 281 (51.65) | 281 (51.65) | |
| Payer type, n (%) | |||
| Cash | 14 (2.57) | 14 (2.57) | NA* |
| Medicaid | 1 (0.18) | 1 (0.18) | |
| Medicare | 42 (7.72) | 42 (7.72) | |
| Third party | 487 (89.52) | 487 (89.52) | |
| Region n (%) | |||
| Northeast | 36 (6.62) | 36 (6.62) | |
| Midwest | 122 (22.43) | 122 (22.43) | |
| South | 329 (60.48) | 329 (60.48) | |
| West | 57 (10.48) | 57 (10.48) | |
| Prescriber, n (%) | |||
| Endocrinologist | 163 (29.96) | 159 (29.23) | 0.5678 |
| PCP/FP/GP/IM | 362 (66.54) | 373 (68.57) | |
| Other | 19 (3.49) | 12 (2.21) | |
| CCI score, mean (SD) | 2.1 (1.40) | 2.0 (1.40) | 0.4155 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Anxiety | 23 (4.23) | 35 (6.43) | 0.0961 |
| Coronary artery disease | 51 (9.38) | 59 (10.85) | 0.4042 |
| Depression | 36 (6.62) | 36 (6.62) | 1.0000 |
| Diabetic neuropathy | 79 (14.52) | 90 (16.54) | 0.3643 |
| Dyslipidemia | 279 (51.29) | 266 (48.90) | 0.4347 |
| Hypertension | 348 (63.97) | 328 (60.29) | 0.2095 |
| Renal impairment | 72 (13.24) | 58 (10.66) | 0.1936 |
| Stroke/TIA | 19 (3.49) | 24 (4.41) | 0.4233 |
| Hypoglycemia events, n (%) | 11 (2.02) | 16 (2.94) | 0.3173 |
| Total pharmacy costs,† mean (SD), US$ | 5525.20 (5908.50) | 5580.40 (6273.80) | 0.8202 |
| Total medical costs,† mean (SD), US$ | 4299.50 (13 900.20) | 4833.10 (12 564.40) | 0.4649 |
| Diabetes regimen, n (%) | |||
| Patients using OADs | 412 (75.74) | 425 (78.13) | 0.2836 |
| Biguanides | 282 (51.84) | 292 (53.68) | 0.5336 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 52 (9.56) | 76 (13.97) | 0.0233 |
| Fixed-dose combination OADs | 75 (13.79) | 72 (13.24) | 0.7815 |
| SGLT2 inhibitors | 109 (20.04) | 104 (19.12) | 0.6860 |
| Sulfonylureas | 171 (31.43) | 163 (29.96) | 0.5913 |
| TZDs | 33 (6.07) | 31 (5.70) | 0.7995 |
| GLP-1 RAs | 119 (21.88) | 104 (19.12) | 0.2595 |
| RAIs | 149 (27.39) | 172 (31.62) | 0.0630 |
| Number of OADs, mean (SD) | 3.8 (3.50) | 3.9 (3.80) | 0.8089 |
*P values not applicable as these variables were used for direct matching.
†6-month costs.
CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; FP, family practitioner; GLP-1 RA, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; GP, general practitioner; IM, internal medicine; NA, not applicable; OAD, oral antidiabetes drug; PCP, primary care provider; RAI, rapid-acting insulin; SGLT2, sodium glucose co-transporter 2; TIA, transient ischemic attack; TZD, thiazolidinedione.