Table 2. Adjusted Odds Ratios for Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake ≥1 Time per Day and <1 Time per Day, by Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics Among Adults in 9 States, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2016.
| Characteristic | Sugar-Sweetened Beveragea Intake, Adjusted Odds Ratiob (95% Confidence Interval) |
|
|---|---|---|
| ≥1 Time per Day | <1 Time per Day | |
| State | ||
| Delaware | 1.49 (1.28–1.74) | 1.05 (0.92–1.20) |
| Indiana | 2.28 (2.02–2.57) | 1.42 (1.28–1.57) |
| Iowa | 1.38 (1.20–1.59) | 1.18 (1.05–1.32) |
| Mississippi | 2.69 (2.26–3.20) | 1.27 (1.09–1.49) |
| New Jersey | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) |
| New Yorkc | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Ohio | 1.81 (1.52–2.15) | 1.28 (1.10–1.48) |
| Texas | 2.16 (1.76–2.66) | 1.22 (1.02–1.47) |
| West Virginia | 2.40 (2.09–2.76) | 1.52 (1.35–1.72) |
| Age group, y | ||
| 18–24 | 7.84 (5.11–12.03) | 4.67 (3.17–6.90) |
| 25–34 | 5.13 (3.96–6.65) | 3.15 (2.50–3.97) |
| 35–44 | 3.48 (2.77–4.37) | 2.12 (1.75–2.58) |
| 45–54 | 1.82 (1.50–2.21) | 1.41 (1.20–1.65) |
| ≥55 | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Sex | ||
| Male | 1.66 (1.44–1.90) | 1.35 (1.20–1.51) |
| Female | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.65 (1.25–2.18) | 1.70 (1.33–2.17) |
| Hispanic | 1.43 (1.12–1.84) | 1.72 (1.38–2.14) |
| Other non-Hispanic | 0.77 (0.54–1.11) | 1.33 (0.98–1.80) |
| Education | ||
| Some high school | 2.38 (1.82–3.12) | 0.88 (0.70–1.12) |
| High school graduate or GED | 2.71 (2.29–3.21) | 1.25 (1.09–1.43) |
| Some college or technical school | 1.67 (1.39–2.01) | 1.02 (0.88–1.18) |
| College graduate | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Single | 1.03 (0.83–1.27) | 0.95 (0.79–1.14) |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) | 1.05 (0.92–1.19) |
| Employment status | ||
| Employed | 1.30 (1.07–1.57) | 1.08 (0.92–1.27) |
| Not employed | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Retired | 0.84 (0.69–1.04) | 0.93 (0.78–1.10) |
| Weight statusd | ||
| Underweight/normal weight | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Overweight | 1.06 (0.90–1.25) | 1.14 (1.0–1.30) |
| Obesity | 1.40 (1.18–1.68) | 1.23 (1.07–1.43) |
| Smoking status | ||
| Nonsmoker | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Former smoker | 0.94 (0.80–1.10) | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) |
| Current smoker | 2.44 (2.06–2.91) | 1.13 (0.96–1.34) |
| Alcohol intakee | ||
| None | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Any | 0.89 (0.76–1.03) | 1.15 (1.01–1.29) |
| Heavy | 0.65 (0.49–0.88) | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) |
| Leisure-time physical activityf | ||
| Participated in physical activity or exercise | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Did not participate in physical activity or exercise | 1.39 (1.20–1.61) | 1.02 (0.89–1.16) |
| Metropolitan status | ||
| Metropolitan county | 1.00 [Reference] | 1.00 [Reference] |
| Nonmetropolitan county | 1.36 (1.15–1.61) | 1.25 (1.08–1.44) |
Includes nondiet soda, fruit drinks that are not 100% juice, sweet tea, sports drinks, and energy drinks.
A multinomial logistic regression model was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios for adult sugar-sweetened beverage intake <1 time per day and ≥1 time per day (reference: none). The model contained all sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics and included 67,965 adults with data for all variables studied.
New York was chosen as the reference because this state had the largest sample size.
Classified according to body mass index (BMI): underweight/normal weight (BMI <25.0 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2), obesity (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2).
Alcohol intake was categorized as none, any (≥1 drink of any alcoholic beverage during the past month but not heavy drinking), and heavy (>2 drinks per day for men and >1 drink per day for women).
Leisure-time physical activity was categorized as 1) participating in any or 2) not participating in any physical activity or exercise during the past 30 days other than in a regular job.