Fig. 2.

Food-additive exposure increases permeability in a human gut cell co-culture model. Lucifer Yellow (LY) permeability following exposure of the Caco-2/HT29-MTX cell monolayer to: (A) TiO₂ or TiO₂-free (control) food digest for 4 h (n=6), (B) control (5 mM glucose+20 mM mannitol) or high-glucose (25 mM; HS) culture medium for 2 h (n=12, P<0.0001), or (C) control or HS culture medium for 24 h (n=12, P=0.0031). F-test-generated P-values denote significant differences between treatments and controls according to a non-linear fit for a linear model for each sample set.