Table 1.
Maternal and fetal characteristics.
| CON | OB-WSD | OB-DR | ANOVA | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 9.1 ± 0.5a | 10.3 ± 0.4b | 14.5 ± 0.2c | <0.001 |
| Years on WSD | NA | 4.6 ± 0.3a | 9.1 ± 0.0b | <0.001 |
| Maternal, pre-pregnancy | ||||
| Body weight (kg) | 8.9 ± 0.3a | 13.4 ± 0.4b | 14.6 ± 0.6b | <0.001 |
| Body fat (%) | 15.0 ± 1.1a | 35.6 ± 1.1b | 40.3 ± 1.9b | <0.001 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 15.8 ± 2.3b | 40.1 ± 4.5b | 36.7 ± 8.1a,b | <0.005 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 54.5 ± 3.1 | 52.8 ± 1.9 | 49.3 ± 3.3 | 0.70 |
| GTT insulin AUC | 4017.2 ± 681.0a | 9456.8 ± 878.3b | 7652.3 ± 2059.2b | <0.005 |
| GTT glucose AUC | 9241.9 ± 298.1 | 10362.9 ± 348.8 | 11411.5 ± 899.1 | 0.07 |
| Maternal, pregnancy, 3rd trimester | ||||
| Body weight (kg) | 9.9 ± 0.3a | 13.4 ± 0.5b | 12.4 ± 0.6b | <0.001 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 15.8 ± 2.6 | 55.9 ± 14.3 | 31.1 ± 7.1 | 0.11 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 42.7 ± 1.9 | 42.2 ± 1.2 | 37.0 ± 4.2 | 0.34 |
| GTT insulin AUC | 5030.3 ± 762.2a | 18054.2 ± 3074.9b | 6983.4 ± 2414.2a,b | <0.005 |
| GTT glucose AUC | 7255.7 ± 239.5 | 7486.0 ± 232.4 | 7216.4 ± 428.9 | 0.77 |
| Fetal characteristics at c-section | ||||
| Fetal age (days) | 130.0 ± 0.2 | 130.8 ± 0.4 | 130.8 ± 0.6 | 0.30 |
| Fetal sex (female:male) | 11:10 | 16:23 | 1:4 | |
| Fetal weight (g) | 340.2 ± 6.0 | 348.5 ± 7.4 | 367.2 ± 11.5 | 0.38 |
| Fetal liver weight (g) | 9.5 ± 0.4a | 10.2 ± 0.2a,b | 11.1 ± 0.5b | 0.05 |
| Fetal liver:body weight (%) | 2.78 ± 0.09 | 2.95 ± 0.05 | 3.04 ± 0.14 | 0.13 |
| Placenta weight (g) | 112.7 ± 3.3 | 106.7 ± 2.7 | 109.9 ± 5.3 | 0.37 |
| Insulin, plasma (mU/L)A | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 8.0 ± 2.8 | 7.1 ± 1.2 | 0.75 |
| Umbilical arteryB | ||||
| Triglycerides (mg/mL) | 0.0795 ± 0.0112a | 0.1787 ± 0.0332b | 0.0887 ± 0.0145a | <0.05 |
| NEFA (units) | 0.0765 ± 0.0131 | 0.0822 ± 0.0087 | 0.0843 ± 0.0139 | 0.91 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 30.5 ± 2.2 | 36.1 ± 1.7 | 32.4 ± 1.8 | 0.14 |
| Lactate (mM) | 2.32 ± 0.78 | 3.30 ± 0.51 | 2.26 ± 0.54 | 0.42 |
| pH | 7.29 ± 0.03 | 7.20 ± 0.02 | 7.26 ± 0.02 | 0.06 |
| sO2 (%) | 15.0 ± 1.8a | 8.2 ± 1.0b | 11.8 ± 1.7a.b | <0.005 |
| pO2 (mm Hg) | 14.8 ± 0.9a | 10.7 ± 0.7b | 12.8 ± 1.2a.b | <0.01 |
| O2 content (mM) | 1.15 ± 0.12a | 0.65 ± 0.07b | 0.91 ± 0.13a.b | <0.005 |
| pCO2 (mm Hg) | 58.5 ± 3.9 | 72.2 ± 4.0 | 60.2 ± 2.2 | 0.07 |
| CO2 content (mM) | 28.9 ± 0.5 | 29.7 ± 0.6 | 29.0 ± 1.0 | 0.71 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 36.5 ± 0.9 | 37.9 ± 0.7 | 36.0 ± 1.3 | 0.34 |
| Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 12.4 ± 0.3 | 12.9 ± 0.2 | 12.2 ± 0.4 | 0.34 |
A Measured in fetal blood collected from post-euthanasia cardiac exsanguination.
B Measured in umbilical artery blood collected at cesarean section before cord was severed.
Data represented as mean ± SEM; total number of fetuses studied: n = 21 (CON), 39 (OB-WSD), 5 (OB-DR); umbilical artery analyses n = 8 (CON; 5 female, 3 male), 20 (OB-WSD; 6 female, 14 male), 5 (OB-DR; 1 female, 4 male). ANOVA with fixed effect for maternal diet is shown and when significant (P < 0.05), individual post-test comparisons are indicated. Different letters represent differences between groups (P < 0.05).
AUC, area under the curve; GTT, glucose tolerance test; NA, not applicable; NEFA, non-esterified fatty acids; WSD, Western-style diet.