Figure 1.

Regulation modes of LDHA. LDHA can be regulated in almost every step of gene expression. Methylation modification could repress LDHA transcription; various transcription factors can function at respective elements in LDHA promoter to activate or curb LDHA transcription; many kinds of microRNAs can bind to mRNA of LDHA to hinder its translation or induce degradation; phosphorylation can activate LDHA, while acetylation triggers its degradation by proteasome. AP‐1, activator protein‐1; CREB, cAMP response element‐binding protein; FOXM1, forkhead box protein M1; HIF‐1, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1; HSF1, heat‐shock factor 1; KLF4, Kruppel‐like factor 4; TF, transcription factor