Figure 2.

LDHA plays critical roles in hallmarks of cancer. LDHA is closely related to malignant bio‐characteristics of cancer via various mechanisms. LDHA can promote cancer cell proliferation and maintain cell survival; LDHA helps enhance cancer cell invasion and metastasis; LDHA can also trigger angiogenesis; LDHA can assist cancer cells in immune escape. ATP, adenosine triphosphate; CSCs, cancer stem cells; EMT, epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal; IL‐8, interleukin‐8; MDSCs, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells; ROS, reactive oxygen species; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor