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Chemical functionalization strategy for immobilizing receptors inside nanopores. After modifying gold with PEG, the nanopore walls are modified with APTES. Receptors can then be bound by cross-linking chemistry between -NH2 and -COOH (EDC + sulfo-NHS) or between -NH2 and -SH (sulfo-SMCC). Using sulfo-SMCC is more challenging as it requires that the thiol-PEG coating prevents other thiol groups from reaching the gold.
