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. 2018 Dec 27;8:18081. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36681-w

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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GR and MR regulate genes involved in hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis activity during development: Ontogeny of the cortisol response (A) and the transcript abundance of HPI axis-related genes (B–G) in the wildtype (WT), GR knockout [GR(−/−)] and MR knockout [MR(−/−)] embryos, and transcript abundance of HPI axis intermediates at 2, 24, 48, 96 hpf. (B) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), (C) Proopiomelanocortin a (POMCa), the gene for the precursor protein to ACTH, (D) Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a rate-limiting step in steroid hormone biosynthesis, (E) 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD2), which catalyzes the breakdown of cortisol to biologically inactive cortisone. (F) Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). A significant interaction was detected in all two-way ANOVAs, p < 0.05. Significant time effects within treatment groups are indicated by different letters (WT: A, GR−/−: a, MR−/−: a); significant treatment effects within each time points are indicated above each time point using legend symbols. All data points are mean ± SEM (n = 4–6; each n is pool of 10 larvae).