Table 2. Baseline, net changes, and subgroup analyses when trials are limited to aquatic endurance exercise.
| Variable (category) | Trials | Baseline, mg/dL | Net change, mg/dL | Q | I2 % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HDL-C | |||||
| Women only | 7 (222) | 48.9 ± 11.1 | 5.0 (0.6 to 9.4) | 9.7 | 38.2 |
| Women and men | 2 (65) | 59.8 ± 12.2 | 1.3 (−7.0 to 9.6) | 0.4 | 0.0 |
| Mean age < 60 years | 3 (86) | 51.2 ± 11.1 | 8.4 (3.7 to 13.1) | 0.9 | 0.0 |
| Mean age ≥ 60 years | 6 (201) | 51.5 ± 11.4 | 2.2 (−2.9 to 7.4) | 7.7 | 35.3 |
| Intervention duration ≥ 8 weeks | 8 (263) | 53.0 ± 11.8 | 3.4 (−0.5 to 7.4) | 8.3 | 15.8 |
| Intervention duration ≥ 12 weeks | 6 (218) | 51.8 ± 11.6 | 5.5 (1.6 to 9.4) | 3.5 | 0.0 |
| Dyslipidemia | 4 (118) | 50.8 ± 11.5 | 6.4 (2.0 to 10.8) | 6.4 | 53.0 |
| No dyslipidemia | 5 (169) | 51.7 ± 11.2 | 4.4 (0.01 to 8.8) | 4.3 | 8.2 |
| LDL-C | |||||
| Women only | 7 (222) | 149.3 ± 23.6 | −12.3 (−23.6 to −1.0) | 13.7* | 56.3 |
| Women and men | 2 (65) | 133.8 ± 26.2 | −6.1 (−22.9 to 10.6) | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Mean age < 60 years | 3 (86) | 147.5 ± 20.9 | −16.0 (−36.0 to 4.1) | 5.3 | 62.2 |
| Mean age ≥ 60 years | 6 (201) | 145.0 ± 25.5 | −6.6 (−16.2 to 3.0) | 5.2 | 3.9 |
| Intervention duration ≥ 8 weeks | 8 (263) | 144.7 ± 25.2 | −6.2 (−14.6 to 2.2) | 5.5 | 0.0 |
| Intervention duration ≥ 12 weeks | 6 (218) | 140.6 ± 23.9 | −5.5 (−15.3 to 4.3) | 5.4 | 7.7 |
| Dyslipidemia | 4 (118) | 156.3 ± 26.0 | −17.3 (−31.7 to −2.9) | 5.9 | 49.3 |
| No dyslipidemia | 5 (169) | 139.3 ± 23.1 | −6.3 (−17.5 to 4.9) | 5.2 | 23.1 |
| TC | |||||
| Women only | 6 (199) | 225.7 ± 20.6 | −9.9 (−17.8 to −2.0) | 9.5 | 47.8 |
| Women and men | 1 (43) | 206.0 ± 31.8 | 9.0 (−16.4 to 34.4) | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Mean age < 60 years | 3 (86) | 224.8 ± 22.2 | −16.9 (−32.1 to −1.7) | 0.2 | 0.0 |
| Mean age ≥ 60 years | 5 (196) | 222.2 ± 26.9 | −2.6 (−17.5 to 12.4) | 11.5* | 65.1 |
| Intervention duration ≥ 8 weeks (or ≥ 12 weeks) | 7 (258) | 222.1 ± 26.5 | −6.2 (−17.5 to 5.0) | 11.9 | 49.0 |
| Dyslipidemia | 4 (135) | 225.8 ± 28.0 | −15.0 (−28.1 to −1.8) | 0.5 | 0.0 |
| No dyslipidemia | 4 (147) | 220.8 ± 23.4 | −0.4 (−19.0 to 18.2) | 11.5* | 73.8 |
| TG | |||||
| Women only | 7 (222) | 141.2 ± 30.8 | −10.4 (−31.5 to 10.6) | 21.5* | 72.1 |
| Women and men | 2 (65) | 118.0 ± 66.0 | −17.6 (−72.3 to 37.1) | 1.8 | 45.9 |
| Mean age < 60 years | 3 (84) | 144.6 ± 27.0 | −36.9 (−66.0 to −7.8) | 4.0 | 50.6 |
| Mean age ≥ 60 years | 7 (241) | 137.7 ± 44.3 | −1.9 (−15.4 to 11.6) | 7.8 | 22.9 |
| Intervention duration ≥ 8 weeks | 9 (303) | 131.4 ± 41.9 | −5.0 (−16.8 to 6.8) | 9.7 | 17.2 |
| Intervention duration ≥ 12 weeks | 7 (258) | 132.8 ± 32.0 | −4.4 (−16.7 to 7.9) | 7.6 | 20.6 |
| Dyslipidemia | 5 (158) | 149.0 ± 34.2 | −26.3 (−50.9 to −1.7) | 8.0 | 50.0 |
| No dyslipidemia | 5 (169) | 131.6 ± 45.0 | 0.4 (−17.8 to 18.5) | 7.1 | 43.4 |
CI: confidence intervals; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride.
Trials are expressed as the number of trials (number of subjects).
Baseline lipids and lipoproteins are expressed as the mean ± SD.
Trials with a mean HDL-C < 40 mg/dL, mean LDL-C ≥ 140 mg/dL, or mean TG ≥ 150 mg/dL of subjects were designated as having dyslipidemic subjects.
Net changes in lipids and lipoproteins are expressed as pooled net change (95% CI).
*
Significant heterogeneity (P < 0.05).