Table 1.
Voltammetric immunosensors constructed on SPE and associated with flow analysis in different applications.
| Analyte | Transducer | Detection Limit | Sample | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Okadaic acid (toxin) |
SPCE modified with MBs | 0.15 µg·mL−1 | Mussel | [46] |
| CEA (tumor marker) |
SPCE modified with CEA/colloidal Au/chitosan film | 0.22 ng·mL−1 0.45 ng·mL−1 |
Serum | [47] |
| HIgG (biomarker) |
SPCE modified with GO | 1.70 ng·mL−1 | Urine | [48] |
| Isoproturon (herbicide) |
SPCE | 0.84 ng·mL−1 | Soil | [50] |
| 2,4-D (herbicide) |
Gold-SPE modified with cysteamine | 0.12 µg·mL−1 | Water and food | [51] |
| Biotin (vitamin) |
SPCE | 10−14 mol·L−1 | Clinical | [52] |
|
Botrytis cinerea (fungus) |
SPCE modified with MWCNT | 0.02 µg·mL−1 | Fruit | [53] |
Abbreviations: CEA = carcinoembryonic antigen; HIgG = human immunoglobulin G; GO = graphene oxide; 2,4-D = 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; MWCNT = multi-walled carbon nanotubes.