Table 1.

Comparison of commercial physiological and emotional monitoring devices.

Product, Producer	Purpose	Device Form Factor	Sensors/Parameters	Support for Wireless Technology	Clinical Validity	Suitability for Individual with ASD
Vivosmart 4, Garmin Inc., Olathe, KS, USA [64]	Monitoring stress score using HRV, sleep quality, and activity (step, distance, calories, floors)	Wristband	HR, HRV, accelerometer, oxygen saturation	Yes, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and ANT+	Not clinically validated	☆☆☆
Rhythm24, Scosche Inc., Oxnard, CA, USA [65]	Monitoring heart rate data	Armband	HR, HRV	Yes, BLE/ANT+ Connection	Investigation showed reliable readings [66]	☆☆☆
E4 wristband, Empatica Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA [67]	Collecting physiological and movement data only	Wristband	HR, HRV, EDA, ST, acceleration	Yes, BLE and data uploaded to cloud	Comparable readings to chest strap [66]	☆☆☆☆
Embrace, Empatica Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA [68]	Alerts epileptics (or caregivers) when an attack occurs in ASD population	Watch	HR using PPG, EDA, ST, and activity	Yes, using BLE	Clinically validated and FDA approved [69]	☆☆☆☆☆
PulseOn OHR, PulseOn, Espoo, Finland [70]	Monitoring physiological and movement data	Wristband	HR, HRV, acceleration	Yes, real-time transfer to application using BLE	HR/HRV are reliable only during resting condition [71]	☆☆☆
ViSi Mobile, Sotera Wireless Inc., San Diego, CA [72]	Monitoring physiological data	Wristband	ECG, HR, pulse rate, BP, RR, SpO2, and ST	Yes, using WiFi	FDA approved for blood pressure monitoring [73]	☆☆☆
BioHarness 3.0, Zephyr Technology, Annapolis, MD, USA [74]	Physiological and activity data collection	Chest strap	HR, HRV, EDA, body temperature, RR, activity, location	Yes, using BLE and LP–PAN [74]	Only reliable HR but HRV is not suitable for clinical evaluations [75]	☆☆
EQ02 LifeMonitor, Equivital Inc., Cambridge, UK [76]	Physiological and activity data collection	Chest Belt	ECG; HR, HRV, RR, EDA, ST, acceleration	Yes, using Bluetooth 2.1	EQ02 can accurately measure ECG and HRV [77]	☆
Zephyr belt, Medtronic, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA [78]	Sports health monitoring	Belt	HR, HRV, RR	Yes, using BLE	Not clinically validated	☆
Hexoskin Smart Shirt, Hexoskin, Inc., Montreal, QC, Canada [62]	Physiological and activity data collection and monitoring quality of sleep	Shirt	HR, HRV, Heart rate recovery, RR and volume, acceleration and power	Yes, using BLE and uploaded to cloud	Clinically validated to obtain reliable HR and RR [79]	☆☆☆
Polar H7 & H10, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland [80]	Monitoring HR activity	Chest Strap	HR, HRV using ECG	Yes, BLE protocol	Clinically comparable data [81,82]	☆
Polar V800, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland [83]	Monitoring HR activity	Watch	HR, HRV using light source sensor	Yes, BLE protocol	Clinically validated during rest [84]	☆☆☆☆
Polar Vantage V, Polar Electro Oy, Kempele, Finland [85]	Monitoring HR and physical activity	Watch	HR, HRV, accelerometer	Yes, BLE protocol	Not clinically validated	☆☆☆☆
QardioCore, Qardio, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA [86]	Monitoring HR, ST, activity tracking	Can be mounted on chest	HR, HRV using ECG sensor, RR, ST, acceleration	Yes, BLE protocol	FDA (510) cleared [87]	☆
Armour39® Module & Chest Strap, Under Armour, Inc., Baltimore, MD, USA [88]	Monitoring heart rate, calorie	Chest Strap	HR, HRV using ECG	Yes, BLE protocol	HR/HRV are reported to be accurate [89]	☆
Wahoo TICKR X, Wahoo Fitness, Atlanta, GA, USA [90]	Monitoring HR, calorie tracking, insights of physical activity	Chest Strap	HR, HRV using ECG acceleration	Yes, using BLE and ANT+	Bluetooth is HR/HRV accurate, ANT+ is just HR accurate [91]	☆
Suunto 9, Suunto, Inc., Vantaa, Finland [92]	Monitoring HR activity	Watch	HR, HRV	Yes, using BLE	Not clinically validated	☆☆☆☆
Suunto Smart Sensor, Suunto, Inc., Vantaa, Finland [93]	Monitoring HR activity	Chest Strap	HR, HRV	Yes, using BLE	Tests showed reliable HR and HRV [94]	☆☆
Apple Watch Series 4, Apple, Inc. [95]	HR and physical activity	Watch	HR, HRV	Yes, using BLE and to cloud	FDA cleared, initial tests showed good HR and HRV data [96]	☆☆☆
GoBe 2, Healbe, Corp., Moscow, Russia [97]	Emotional monitoring, calorie intake, sleep quality	Wristband	HR, EDA, impedance, BP, and acceleration sensor	Yes, using BLE	Not clinically validated	☆☆☆
BioStamp nPoint, MC10, Inc., Cambridge, CA, USA [98]	Monitoring heart rate, activity and posture data, sleep quality	Patch	HR, HRV, respiration rate, acceleration	Yes, using BLE and uploaded to cloud	FDA (510) cleared [99]	☆
VitalPatch, VitalConnect, San Jose, CA, USA [100]	HR, HRV, respiration rate, skin temperature, body posture, and activity	Patch	ECG for HR acceleration, thermistor for ST	Yes, data uploaded to the cloud	FDA (510) cleared, CE Marked, ISO 13485 certified.	☆
Lief Smart Patch, Lief Therapeutics, Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA [101]	Monitoring heart rate, emotional state, activity	Patch	HR, HRV using ECG sensor, RR, acceleration	Yes, using BLE	Not clinically validated	☆☆☆
AIO Sleeve, Komodo Technologies, Inc., Winnipeg, MB, Canada [102]	Physiological, activity data, monitoring stress level and sleep quality	Sleeve	HR and HRV using ECG, acceleration	Yes, using BLE protocol	Not clinically validated	☆☆☆☆
Empower Me, Brain Power, LLC., Cambridge, MA, USA [103]	Recognizing others’ emotions for ASD people	Glass	Acceleration	Yes, using BLE protocol	Clinically validated	☆☆☆☆