Table 3.
Heritability (h2), permanent environmental effects (PE), maternal effects (m2), cohort effects (C), and repeatability (r) of coyote risk‐taking behavior (both age classes), as well as cortisol and testosterone (pups only)
| Trait | h2 | PE | m2 | C | r |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk‐takinga | 0.000 (0.000, 0.167) | 0.000 (0.000, 0.127) | 0.171 (0.020, 0.355) | 0.087 (0.026, 0.256) | 0.421 (0.281, 0.573) |
| Cortisol | 0.018 (0.006, 0.102) | 0.015 (0.005, 0.084) | 0.018 (0.005, 0.130) | 0.019 (0.005, 0.097) | 0.143 (0.065, 0.281) |
| Testosterone | 0.007 (0.002, 0.083) | 0.007 (0.002, 0.069) | 0.009 (0.001, 0.097) | 0.008 (0.002, 0.097) | 0.085 (0.032, 0.226) |
All estimates are given with 95% credible intervals (i.e., highest posterior density intervals [HPDI]). Significant estimates are in bold.
a
Risk‐taking was fit with the "categorical" family distribution; all other variables were fit with a Gaussian distribution. Data from both parents and pups were included in the model (see Supporting information Appendix S1: Table S2 and Table S3 for model specifications).