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. 2018 Dec 21;9:1879. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01879

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Copyright © 2018 Thijs, Witters, Janssen, Ruttens, Weyens, Herzig, Mench, Van Slycken, Meers, Meiresonne and Vangronsveld.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Scheme of the experimental field site in Lommel, and overview of the total Cd concentrations. The location of the sunflower and tobacco plot (2012–2014) analyzed in this study is highlighted in yellow (block I). The installed experimental willow and poplar plots (blocks I, II) are indicated in blue, the commercial willow and poplar plots were located in blocks III and IV (Van Slycken et al., 2015). Total Cd concentration map is based on an aqua regia destruction of subsurface (0–30 cm) collected soils (n = 47, year = 2006) (Van Slycken et al., 2015).