Table 2.

Examples of oil spill activities and elements of resilience [from Walker (37), used with permission, adapted from Colten et al. (38)].

Form of Resilience	Risk Anticipation (Preparedness)	Reduce Vulnerability(Pre-spill and Emergency Phase)	Response	Recovery
Formal Resilience: Government	• Contingency plans • Response organization, e.g., national contingency plan structure • Spill control organizations	• Training • Implement pollution contingency plans • Monitoring for public health and worker safety • Close fisheries • Monitor seafood quality	• Oversight of response through incident management teams (IMTs) • Biological analysis • Post-spill legislation • Alternate employment programs	• Post-spill improvements to regulations or new legislation • Compensation program; e.g., claims and natural resource damage assessment • Implement incident learnings
Formal Resilience: Potential Responsible Parties (Polluters)	• Conduct operational risk assessments • Arrangements with spill control organizations • Develop spill response/accident contingency plans, e.g., with blowout prevention	• Regulatory compliance • Develop/implement response/ contingency plans • Training	• Source control, e.g., cap well, pollutant monitoring, Skimming, burning, boom, dispersants, beach clean-up	• Implement incident learnings • Marketing to promote seafood and tourism in an affected area • Settlements
Inherent and Adaptive Resilience: Community/Family	• Participation in development of community-level spill contingency/ emergency plans, e.g., natural and socio-economic resource protection strategies	• Joint training with oil spill planners and responders • Community liaison representatives with the IMTs • IMT safety and health connections with community health workers • Advisory participation in pollution-related emergency fishery management, fishery closures and fishery openings	• Assist with monitoring of extent of contamination • Volunteers • Family aid • Strategies for alternative fishing locations/approaches • Personal economic diversification • Relocate	• Participate in restoration process, e.g., input to setting priorities for recovery actions • Receiving compensation from law suits • Receiving unemployment compensation • Conduct peer-listening