Table 3.

Selected examples of stress-associated health problems related to disasters with selected supporting literature [modified from Table 1 in Sandifer et al. (11)].

Elevated anxiety, PTSD, PTSS, depression, stress, tension, mental distress	(43–58)
PTSD/PTSS, emotional distress in children	(59–65)
Increased thoughts of suicide among young adults	(53)
Increases in suicidal thoughts, attempts, and suicides	(52, 57, 66–68)
Increased heart problems, elevated blood pressure, stroke, irregular heartbeat, headaches, stomach, and respiratory problems	(47, 48, 69–72)
Increased substance use/abuse	(53, 73–77)
Higher levels of interpersonal/intimate partner/domestic violence	(56, 66, 78–81)
Stress-associated mental (depression and PTSD) and physical health problems related to disaster economic impacts	(82–88)