. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 May 13.

Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018 Nov 13;27(1):30–40. doi: 10.1002/oby.22316

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics by baseline alcohol use

		None	Light	Moderate	Heavy	P-value

Participants		1867 (38.1)	2637 (53.8)	309 (6.3)	82 (1.7)
Total/week		0^a	1.09 (1.6)^b	8.1 (3.0)^c	16.2 (8.8)^d	<0.001
Beers/week		0^a	0.3 (0.9)^b	2.7 (3.5)^c	4.6 (9.3)^d	<0.001
Wine/week		0^a	0.5 (0.9)^b	3.3 (3.4)^c	6.7 (5.7)^d	<0.001
Liquor/week		0^a	0.2 (0.7)^b	2.1 (3.0)^c	4.9 (5.4)^d	<0.001
Age, y		59.3 (6.8)^a	58.6 (6.7)^b,c	59.6 (6.9)^a,b	60.5 (7.4)^a,b	<0.001
Sex
	Male	571 (30.6)^a	1221 (46.3)^b	198 (64.1 )^c	39 (47.6)^b	<0.001
	Female	1296 (69.4)^a	1416 (53.7)^b	111 (35.9)^c	43 (52.4)^b
Race/ethnicity
	White	1067 (57.2)^a	1887 (71.6)^b	229 (74.1)^b	61 (74.4)^b	<0.001
	Hispanic	368 (19.7)^a	273 (10.4)^b	30 (9.7)^b	5 (6.1)^b
	African American/Black	364 (19.5)^a	385 (14.6)^b	39 (12.6)^b	13 (15.9)^a,b
	Other/Mixed	68 (3.6)^a	92 (3.5)^a	11 (3.6)^a	3 (3.7)^a
Education
	<13 y	512 (27.4)^a	358 (13.6)^b	40 (12.9)^b	14 (17.1 )^b	<0.001
	13–16 y	728 (39.0)^a	967 (36.7)^a	78 (25.2)^b	25 (30.5)^a,b
	>16 y	588 (31.5)^a	1256 (47.6)^b	185 (59.9)^c	41 (50.0)^b,c
Married		1201 (64.4)	1747 (66.2)	222 (71.8)	54 (65.9)	0.07
Smoking status
	Never	1067 (57.2)^a	1231 (46.7)^b	100 (32.4)^c	25 (30.5)^c	<0.001
	Past	730 (39.1)^a	1288 (48.8)^b	189 (61.2)^c	48 (58.5)^b,c
	Present	68 (3.6)^a	112 (4.2)^a’b	20 (6.5)^b’c	8 (9.8)^c
Body mass index		36.1 (5.9)^a	36.1 (5.9)^a	34.8 (5.7)^b	33.2 (4.0)^b	<0.001
Glycated hemoglobin level, %		7.3 (1.1)^a	7.3 (1.2)^a	7.0 (1.0)^b	7.3 (1.2)^a,b	<0.001
Daily caloric intake, kcal¹		1907.3	2017.4	2119.2	2396.9	<0.001
		(933.8)^a	(825.1)^b	(842.1)^b,c	(1040.4)^c
Daily caloric intake from alcohol^1,2		0 (0)^a	12.7 (25.0)^b	74.8 (70.2)^c	142.7 (136.4)^d	<0.001
Daily fat intake, %^a		39.8 (7.2)	40.2 (6.8)	39.5 (7.0)	39.0 (6.9)	0.34
Daily protein intake, %^a		17.3 (3.0)^a	17.2 (2.8)^a	16.8 (2.6)^a,b	15.7 (3.0)^b	0.001
Daily intake carbohydrates, %^a		44.5 (7.9)^a	43.4 (7.4)^b	41.8 (7.2)^b	41.0 (9.2)^b	<0.001
Insulin use, yes		341 (18.9)^a	359 (14.1)^b,c	30 (10.1)^c	16 (21.3)^a,b	<0.001
Physical activity (kcals/week)³		786.0	850.7	1298.6	923.7	<0.001
		(1188.0)^a	(1021.6)^a	(1645.1)^b	(1127.4)^a,b
Duration of diabetes, y		7.2 (6.7)^a	6.5 (6.3)^b	5.8 (5.3)^b	6.7 (6.8)^a,b	<0.001
History of cardiovascular disease		263 (14.1)	367 (13.9)	51 (16.5)	7 (8.5)	0.30
Depressive symptoms		5.4 (5.0)^a	5.4 (4.8)^a	4.6 (4.3)^b	5.6 (4.8)^a,b	0.02
SF-36, Physical component score		47.3 (8.2)^a	48.3 (7.7)^b	49.7 (7.3)^c	47.7 (8.5)^a,b,c	<0.001
SF-36, Mental component score		54.5 (8.1)^a	53.9 (8.0)^a	54.9 (6.5)^a	53.9 (8.2)^a	0.02

Mean (SD) or n(%).Value with different superscript letters across columns are significantly different from one another at p<0.05. These post-hoc comparisons were only performed when the group comparison p-value was <0.05.

Completed by 50% of participants (n=2612). Includes calories from alcohol.

Calculated using grams of alcohol multiplied by 7.1 kcals/gram.

Completed by participants at 8 clinical centers (n= 2395).