Fig. 4.

The combined use of radiation, immunotherapy, and angiogenesis inhibitors—by normalizing blood flow and lowering intratumoral pressure, angiogenesis inhibitors enable T cells to gain efficient access to the tumor, while increasing the necessary components for effective T-cell function at the tumor site. Furthermore, by reducing hypoxia, antiangiogenic agents allow for optimization of radiotherapy, thereby providing the immune system with a rich supply of tumor antigens while modulating tumor-cell phenotype for enhanced T-cell killing.