Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | No LAA Thrombus | LAA Thrombus | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 3,275) | (n = 49) | ||
| Age (years) | 69.0 ± 12.5 | 67.8 ± 14.4 | .50 |
| Male sex | 2,183 (66.7%) | 36 (73.5%) | .36 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 30.6 ± 6.8 | 31.3 ± 8.5 | .57 |
| Hypertension | 2,187 (66.8%) | 41 (83.7%) | .01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 654 (20.0%) | 10 (20.4%) | .61 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 528(16.1%) | 8 (16.3%) | .59 |
| Cardiomyopathy (ischemic, idiopathic) | 767 (23.4%) | 25 (51.0%) | <.001 |
| Heart failure | 1,408 (43.0%) | 35 (71.4%) | <.001 |
| Prior stroke | 385 (11.8%) | 6 (12.2%) | .82 |
| Smoker (current or former) | 1,566 (47.8%) | 23 (46.9%) | .51 |
| Chronic lung disease | 445 (13.6%) | 7 (14.3%) | .83 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 576 (17.6%) | 10 (20.4%) | .57 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 360(11.0%) | 7 (14.3%) | .49 |
| Prior coronary bypass | 475 (14.5%) | 13 (26.5%) | .03 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 3.6 ± 1.4 | .06 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | .26 | ||
| 0 | 188 (5.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| 1 | 284 (8.7%) | 4 (8.2%) | |
| 2 | 617 (18.8%) | 7 (14.3%) | |
| >2 | 2,186(66.8%) | 38 (77.6%) | |
| Precardioversion International Normalized Ratio | 1.91 ± 0.89 | 1.80 ± 0.81 | .46 |
| Duration of AF episode | .24 | ||
| >48 hours* | 410 (12.5%) | 3 (6.1%) | |
| >2days to <7 days | 806 (24.6%) | 9 (18.4%) | |
| >7 days to <1 year | 1,470 (44.9%) | 28(57.1%) | |
| >1 year | 103 (3.1%) | 1 (2.0%) | |
| Preprocedure medications | |||
| β-Blocker | 1,977 (60.4%) | 31 (63.3%) | .66 |
| Calcium-channel blocker (nondihydropyridine) | 1,080 (33.0%) | 17 (34.7%) | .88 |
| Statin | 1,087 (33.2%) | 14 (28.6%) | .54 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 1,361 (41.6%) | 32 (65.3%) | .001 |
| Antiplatelet | 1,792 (54.7%) | 29 (59.2%) | .57 |
| Warfarin | .29 | ||
| No Warfarin* | 990 (30.2%) | 11 (22.4%) | |
| Warfarin started in hospital | 1,279(39.1%) | 21 (42.9%) | |
| Warfarin with subtherapeutic INR | 727 (22.2%) | 15 (30.6%) | |
| Warfarin with therapeutic INR | 275 (8.4%) | 2(4.1%) | |
| Novel oral anticoagulant | 32 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Antiarrhythmic | 1,052(32.1%) | 11 (22.5%) | .17 |
| Hemodynamics | |||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 92.7 (22.7) | 87.2 (18.5) | .38 |
| Echocardiography | 36.6 ± 20.8 | 17.2 ± 8.5 | <.001 |
| Left atrial appendage emptying velocity (cm/s) | |||
| Left atrial appendage emptying velocity | <.001 | ||
| Tertile 1, ≤20.8 (cm/s) | 821 (25%) | 39 (79.6%) | |
| Tertile 2, 20.8–46.4 (cm/s) | 1,638 (50.0%) | 9 (18.4%) | |
| Tertile 3, >46.4 (cm/s) | 821 (25.1%) | 1 (2.0%) | |
| Spontaneous echo contrast (LA or LAA) | 1,423 (43.5% | 38 (77.6%) | <.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 51.4 ± 13.7 | 39.9 ± 17.6 | <.001 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction ≤40% | 745 (22.7%) | 24 (49.0%) | <.001 |
| Left atrial enlargement (moderate or higher) | 2040 (70.00%) | 41 (93.2%) | <.001 |
| Mitral regurgitation (moderate or higher) | 844 (25.8%) | 19 (38.8%) | .05 |
| INR at discharge | 1.95 ± 0.85 | 1.94 ± 0.71 | .52 |
| Discharge medications | |||
| β-Blocker | 1,937(59.1%) | 33 (67.3%) | .24 |
| Calcium-channel blocker (nondihydropyridine) | 608 (18.6%) | 11 (22.4%) | .47 |
| Statin | 1,183 (36.1%) | 13 (26.5%) | .18 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 1,554 (47.5%) | 30 (61.2%) | .06 |
| Antiplatelet | 1,707 (52.1%) | 30(61.2%) | .25 |
| Low-molecular-weight heparin | 1,076 (32.9%) | 24 (49.0%) | .03 |
| Warfarin | 2,861 (87.4%) | 47 (95.9%) | .12 |
| Novel oral anticoagulant | 39 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Antiarrhythmic | 1,143 (34.9%) | 12 (24.5%) | .17 |
Values are mean (SD), median (IQR) or n (%).
Hypertension was defined in accordance with 2016 ACC/AHA guidelines.
*
Reference category.