Table 2.
Univariate analysis for the prediction of LAA thrombus, ischemic stroke, and death
| Characteristic | LAA Thrombus | Ischemic Stroke | Death | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 49) | P Value | (n = 182) | P Value | (n = 1,118) | P Value | |
| Odds ratio (95% CI) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | ||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | .80 | 1.04 (1.02–1.05) | <.001 | 1.07 (1.06–1.07) | <.001 |
| Male sex | 1.32 (0.78–2.24) | .30 | 0.79 (0.59–1.07) | .13 | 0.83 (0.73–0.93) | .002 |
| Body mass index | 1.00 (0.95–1.04) | .86 | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | .99 | 0.97 (0.96–0.98) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 2.19(1.17–4.09) | .01 | 1.46 (1.05–2.03) | .02 | 1.32(1.16–1.50) | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.87 (0.48–1.60) | .66 | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | .90 | 1.58 (1.38–1.80) | <.001 |
| Prior myocardial infarction | 1.56 (0.89–2.75) | .12 | 1.47(1.02–2.11) | .04 | 1.79 (1.56–2.06) | <.001 |
| Cardiomyopathy (ischemic, idiopathic) | 3.41 (1.93–6.00) | <.001 | 0.77(0.53–1.11) | .17 | 1.15 (1.01–1.32) | .04 |
| Heart failure | 3.43 (2.00–5.87) | <.001 | 1.22 (0.91–1.63) | .19 | 1.61 (1.43–1.81) | <.001 |
| Prior stroke | 1.05 (0.52–2.13) | .88 | 2.10(1.46–3.02) | <.001 | ||
| Smoker | 1.08 (0.74–1.56) | .70 | 1.12(0.84–1.50) | .43 | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | .02 |
| Chronic lung disease | 1.28 (0.70–2.35) | .42 | 1.14(0.72–1.80) | .58 | 1.80(1.54–2.11) | <.001 |
| Obstructive sleep apnea | 0.89 (0.50–1.61) | .71 | 1.28 (0.88–1.85) | .20 | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | .13 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 1.35 (0.60–3.03) | .47 | 1.39(0.91–2.14) | .13 | 1.77(1.51–2.08) | <.001 |
| Prior coronary bypass | 2.71 (1.62–4.52) | <.001 | 1.34 (0.93–1.99) | .12 | 2.01 (1.75–2.31) | <.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 1.17(1.01–1.36) | .04 | 1.24(1.13–1.36) | <.001 | 1.38 (1.33–1.43) | <.001 |
| 0* | ||||||
| 1* | 2.13 (0.59–7.74) | .25 | 2.03 (1.16–3.56) | .01 | ||
| 2 | 0.81 (0.23–2.77) | .73 | 3.17(0.97–0.37) | .06 | 2.57(1.53–4.31) | <.001 |
| >2 | 1.23 (0.44–3.48) | .69 | 4.46 (1.42–14.01) | .01 | 5.44 (3.32–8.92) | <.001 |
| Duration of atrial fibrillation episode | ||||||
| >48 h (vs <48 h) | 1.62 (0.88–2.96) | .12 | 0.96 (0.83–1.09) | .51 | ||
| <48 h* | ||||||
| >2 days to <7 days | 0.90 (0.56–1.44) | .66 | 1.08 (0.89–1.32) | .43 | ||
| >7 days to <1 year | 0.80 (0.52–1.23) | .30 | 0.91 (0.75–1.09) | .31 | ||
| >1 year | 0.46(0.14–1.50) | .20 | 0.81 (0.54–1.22) | .31 | ||
| Preprocedure medications | ||||||
| β-Blocker | 1.52 (0.91–2.54) | .11 | 1.40 (1.03–1.90) | .03 | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | .17 |
| Calcium-channel blocker (nondihydropyridine) | 1.16(0.71–1.89) | .56 | 1.48(1.10–1.99) | .01 | 0.99(0.87–1.12) | .89 |
| Statin | 0.85 (0.51–1.41) | .53 | 0.95 (0.69–1.32) | .76 | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) | .28 |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or Angiotensin II receptor blocker | 2.53 (1.54–4.15) | <.001 | 1.12(0.83–1.50) | .46 | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | .002 |
| Antiplatelet | 1.60 (0.97–2.62) | .06 | 1.01 (0.75–1.35) | .95 | 1.22 (1.09–1.38) | .001 |
| Warfarin | 1.11 (0.48–2.57) | .81 | 0.92 (0.86–0.98) | .006 | ||
| Antiarrhythmic | 0.66(0.39–1.12) | .12 | 0.75 (0.54–1.05) | .09 | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | .37 |
| Hemodynamics | ||||||
| Heart rate−1 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | .32 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | .90 | 0.997 (0.994–0.999) | .01 |
| Echocardiography | ||||||
| Left atrial appendage emptying velocity−1 | 1.12(1.09–1.15) | <.001 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | .003 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <.001 |
| Tertile 1, ≤20.8 | 78.21 (10.72–570.33) | <.001 | 1.56(1.11–2.19) | .009 | ||
| Tertile 2, 20.8–46.4 | 13.55 (1.72–107.15) | .01 | 1.42 (0.97–2.07) | .07 | ||
| Tertile 3, >46.4* | ||||||
| Spontaneous echo contrast (LA or LAA) | 5.17 (2.70–9.88) | <.001 | 1.40 (1.01–1.95) | .004 | 1.24 (1.08–1.42) | .002 |
| Left atrial thrombus | 3.28 (1.77–6.07) | <.001 | 6.89 (0.96–49.19) | .05 | 2.50 (0.63–10.02) | .20 |
| Left atrial appendage thrombus | 2.74 (1.29–5.83) | .009 | 1.06 (0.66–1.71) | .80 | ||
| Ejection fraction−1 | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | <.001 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | .67 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | .002 |
| Ejection fraction ≤40% | 3.37 (1.89–6.01) | <.001 | 0.85 (0.59–1.22) | .37 | 1.26(1.10–1.44) | .001 |
| Mitral regurgitation (≥moderate) | 1.27 (0.76–2.12) | .37 | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | .38 | 1.42 (1.26–1.60) | <.001 |
| International Normalized Ratio at discharge | 1.08 (0.81–1.45) | .60 | 1.03 (0.85–1.23) | .80 | 1.09(1.01–1.17) | .03 |
CI = confidence interval.
*
Reference category.