Table 2.
Altered expression of β-arrestins (β-arr) regulates inflammation.
| Cell type/ Animal | β-arr | Stimulation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| BMDM | 2 KO | LPS, polyI:C, CpG DNA and CD40L-induced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12p40 | 30 |
| RAW 264.7 | 1 knockdown | LPS-induced ERK 1/2 activation, Degradation of NF-κB1 p105 | 32 |
| Splenocytes | 2 KO | LPS-induced TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 | 34 |
| CD11b+ splenocytes | 2 KO | LPS-induced IL-1 β, IL-12p40, IL-12p70, IFN-γ | 35 |
| CD11b- splenocytes | 1 KO 2 KO | LPS-induced IL-1 β, IL-12p70, IL5 and IFNγ | 35 |
| Peritoneal macrophage | 1 KO | Adenovirus-induced inflammatory response | 36 |
| Peritoneal macrophage | 2 KO | Adenovirus-induced inflammatory response | 36 |
| Raw 264.7 | 2 overexpress | LPS-induced iNOS, NO, NF-κB and degradation of IκBα | 31 |
| THP-1 | 2 knockdown | Inhibitory effect of fenoterol on LPS-induced TNF-α | 38 |
| PMN | 2 KO | LPS-induced IL-6 | 39 |
| PMN | 2 KO | ICAM-1 and L-selectin expression | 39 |
| PMN | 2 KO | PMN recruitment | 42 |
| PMN | 1 DN plasmid | Chemotaxis | 43 |
| PMN | 2 DN plasmid | Granule release | 45 |
| CD4+T cell | 1 KO | Bcl2 expression CD4+T cells survival Resistant to EAE | 46 |
| NK | 2 KO | Cytotoxicity of NK cells Resistant to virus infection | 48 |
| T and B lymphocytes | 2 KO | CXCR4-mediated chemotaxis | 49 |
| T lymphocytes | 2 KO | Recruitment to lung | 50 |
| MEF | 2 KO | LPS-induced IL-6 | 51 |
| HEK 293-TLR4/MD2 | 2 knockdown | LPS-induced ERK 1/2 and IL-8 | 51 |
| Hela Jurkat HEK 293 | 1 and 2 overexpress | IκBα degradation NF-κB activation | 52, 53 |
| Mouse | 2 KO | Endotoxin shock-induced TNF-α, IL-1 β and IL-6, and susceptible to endotoxin shock | 30 |
| Mouse | 1 and 2 KO | LPS-induced IFNγ, IL-5, IL-1 β, IL-12p40 and IL-6, and mortality | 35 |
| Mouse | 2 KO | CLP-induced mortality, plasma IL-6, lung and cecal MPO and bacterial load | 34 |
| Mouse | 2 KO | Polymicrobial infection-induced mortality, neutrophil sequestration in the lungs | 56 |
| Mouse | 2 KO | OVA-induced asthma | 50 |
| CD4+ T cells | 2 knockdown | Phosphorylated ERK 1/2 and IL-17 production | 59 |
| FLS | 1 overexpress | HA-induced TNF-α, IL-6 | 64 |
| FLS | 2 overexpress | HA-induced TNF-α, IL-6 | 64 |
| Mouse | 1 KO | Resistant to EAE | 46 |
| Mouse | 1 transgenic | Resistant to EAE | 46 |
| U937 | 1 overexpress | A1AR expression | 71 |
| Ldlr−/− mice | 2 KO | Reduce aortic atherosclerosis | 80 |
| Mouse | 1 KO | Neointimal hyperplasia | 80 |
| Mouse | 2 KO | Neointimal hyperplasia | 80 |
BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophages; PMN: polymorphonuclear cells; OVA: ovalbumin.