Table 2.
Average Adjusted Decline and Difference in Decline over 20-years for the Global Cognitive Z-Score By Resting Heart Rate Groups:* the ARIC Study 1990-1992 to 2011-2013.Part A: 20-year Change in Global Cognitive Domain Part B: Relative Difference in the 20-yr by Resting Heart Rate Groups Change of Global Cognitive Z-Scores for Higher Resting Heart Rate Groups Compared to Lowest (Reference)
| Resting Heart rate (bpm) |
<60 | 60-69 | 70-79 | ≥80 | Difference 60-69 vs <60 |
Difference 70-79 vs <60 |
Difference ≥80 vs <60 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1† |
−0.88(−0.92, −0.83) | −0.92(−0.97, −0.88) | −0.97(−1.03, −0.91) | −1.05(−1.14, −0.96) | −0.05(−0.09,0.00) | −0.10(−0.16, −0.04) | −0.17(−0.27, −0.08) |
| Model 2‡ |
−0.88(−0.93, −0.83) | −0.93(−0.97, −0.88) | −0.97(−1.03, −0.91) | −1.05(−1.14, −0.95) | −0.04(−0.09,0.00) | −0.09(−0.15, −0.03) | −0.16(−0.26, −0.07) |
| Model 3∥ |
−0.90(−0.94, −0.85) | −0.93(−0.98, −0.89) | −0.96(−1.03, −0.90) | −1.01(−1.10, −0.92) | −0.04(−0.09,0.01) | −0.07(−0.13, −0.004) | −0.12(−0.21, −0.03) |
Results are presented in β coefficients (95% CI) from adjusted linear mixed effect models. Missing covariates and cognitive scores were imputed. Results in bold are statistically significant differences between resting heart rate groups (p <0.05).
Model 1: adjusted for age, age2, sex, race/center, and interactions between each of these variables and time
Model 2: Model 1 + education, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol, physical activity, and interactions between each of these variables and time
Model 3: Model 2 + systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, use of hypertension medication, diabetes, HDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, cholesterol lowering medications, history of prevalent coronary heart disease, use of AV-nodal blocking medications,
APOE4 genotype, and interactions between each of these variables and time