Table 2:

Group mean (± SE) and Cohen’s d (95% confidence interval) for difference between ON or non-ON and normal for various measurements

	Normal	ON	Cohen’s d	Non-ON	Cohen’s d
GCIPLT (μm)	82.1 (0.4)^	68.8 (1.7)**	−1.8 (−2.3, −1.4)	78.3 (0.7)*	−0.60 (−0.8, −0.4)
RNFLT (μm)	92.8 (0.6)^	78.6 (2.0)**	−1.4 (−1.7, −1.0)	90.9 (1.0)	−0.2 (−0.4, 0.02)
MfVEP amp	0.61 (0.02)†	0.40 (0.02)**	−1.4 (−1.8, −0.9)	0.56 (0.01)*	−0.4 (−0.8, −0.03)
Latency (ms)	0.7 (0.5)†	9.5 (1.5)**	1.1 (0.6, 1.5)	3.9 (0.7)*	0.5 (0.1, 0.9)
CS (log unit)	1.61 (0.01)†	1.38 (0.04)**	−1.1 (−1.6, −0.6)	1.61 (0.01)	0 (−0.4,0.4)
HVF MD (dB)	−0.02 (0.14)§	−2.9 (0.5)**	−1.1 (−1.6, −0.6)	−1.6 (0.2)*	−0.9 (−1.4, −0.5)

GCIPLT: ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness, RNFLT: retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, MfVEP amp: multifocal visual evoked potential amplitude measured as log signal-noise ratio, CS: contrast sensitivity, HVF: Humphrey visual field 24–2/30–2, MD: mean deviation.

Normative values from those with similar ages (mean ages all within 10 years of our MS patients’) were based on

^†our lab controls (Laron et al., 2009, Narayanan et al., 2015b),

^§Wall et al 2013 (Wall et al., 2013),

^{^}Mwanza et al 2011 (Mwanza et al., 2011a).

^**Statistically different from normal or non-ON (p < 0.0001 for all except p = 0.02 for HVF MD ON vs non-ON).

^*Statistically different from normal (p < 0.0001 for GCIPLT, HVF MD; p =0.02 for MfVEP amp, 0.0003 for Latency).

Cohen’s d shows the standardized difference in the mean from that of normal. Log denotes to log₁₀.