Table 1.

Characterization of Aging Effects on Physiology and Structure in Heart and Kidney.

		Age-related changes
Heart	Physiology	Diastolic function ↓, Systolic function ↔, Maximum heart rate ↓
		End diastolic and systolic volume in response to postural maneuvers and during exercise ↓
	Structure	Left ventricular concentric hypertrophy ↑, Cardiomyocyte number 4, Cardiomyocyte size ↓, Amyloid and lipofuscin accumulation ↑, Vessel density ↓, Inflammation ↑, Perivascular and interstitial fibrosis ↑
Kidney	Physiology
	Glomerular	Glomerular filtration rate ↓, Hyperfiltration ↑
	Tubular	Urine concentration ↓, Electrode reabsorption and secretion regulation ↓
		Acid secretion↔
	Endocrine	Renin release ↓, Erythropoietin production ↔, Conversion from 25-hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D ↓
	Structure
	Global	Kidney mass ↓, Parenchymal thickness ↓, Cortex volume ↓, Medullary volume ↑
		Renal sinus fat ↑, Parenchymal, parapelvic, and hyperdense cysts ↑, Angiomyolipomas ↑
		Nephron number ↓, Inflammation ↑
	Glomerular	Global glomerulosclerosis ↑, Podocyte injury and loss ↑, Basement membrane thickness ↑
	Tubular	Tubular atrophy ↑, Intratubular cast ↑, Peritubular capillary ↓, Tubulointerstitial fibrosis ↑, Basement membrane thickness ↑
	Vascular	Arteriosclerosis ↑, Alomerular arterioles ↑

↑ increase, ↓decrease, ↔ unchanged.