Table 1.

DAMPs released from necrotic cell and their influence on the immune response

DAMPs	Receptors	Effect on the immune system	References
ATP	P2Y2, P2X7	“find-me” signal, induces IL-1β production, anti-tumor immunity	[26, 37]
Calreticulin	CD91	“eat-me” signal, involved in cell clearance, anti-tumor immunity	[32, 47]
HSP70, HSP90, GP96, HSP60, HSP72, GRP78	CD91, TLR2, TLR4, SREC1	Involved in Ag chaperoning, attract Monocytes and neutrophils, activate DCs and NK cells	[9, 98]
HMGB1	RAGE, TLR2, TLR4, TIM3	Involved in DC maturation and mobilization	[88]
S100A8/S100A9	RAGE	Attract monocytes and neutrophils, involved in tumor development	[97]
IL-1α, IL-6, IL-33	IL-1R, IL-6R, gp130, ST2	Proinflammatory cytokines	[25, 66, 102]
Uric acid	Unknown	Involved in DC maturation, attracts neutrophils	[93]
Nucleic acids, ribonucleoproteins	TLR3, TLR7, TLR9,	Strong proinflammatory activity	[20, 48, 116]
F-actin	DNGR1	Involved in recognition of necrotic cells	[1, 83]