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. 2018 Dec 21;9:674. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00674

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Copyright © 2018 Smurova and De Wulf.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A) Left: The S. cerevisiae point CEN (the consensus CDEI and CDIII sequences are indicated; W = A or T, N = any base). Right: A single CENP-A containing nucleosome is bound to a single microtubule by a single kinetochore (based on Bloom and Costanzo, 2017). (B) Left: The S. pombe regional CEN. Black dots: tRNA clusters. See text for details. Right: A single, looped CEN harboring CENP-A- and histone H3-containing nucleosomes is bound to three microtubules via a single kinetochore (based on McFarlane et al., 2010). (C) Left: A typical human (Homo sapiens) chromosome. White regions: euchromatin, gray region: centromeric chromatin, black regions: heterochromatin. The latter represent the pericentromeres, telomeres, LINEs, SINEs, micro- and macrosatellites, β, γ, I, II, III-satellites, rDNA, and DNA transposons (approximate lengths are indicated in the black box). The gray arrows represent the CEN alpha-satellite monomers, organized in a head-to-tail fashion. HOR, high-order repeat of alpha-satellite monomers (green arrow). A-boxes (dark green) and B-boxes (purple) are indicated, as well as the cruciform configuration of a dyad sequence. Right: Human centromeric chromatin with the CENP-A containing nucleosomes clustered and exposed in amphipathic configuration at its outside is bound by numerous kinetochores to a bundle of microtubule fibers (based on Fukagawa and Earnshaw, 2014). See text for details.