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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cell Immunol. 2018 Oct 13;334:87–98. doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.10.003

Figure 2:

Figure 2:

Effects of Immune Checkpoints in Myeloma. Binding of costimulatory molecules (B7–1, B7–2, or PD-L1) on myeloma cells to their respective receptors on dendritic cells results in downstream decreased immune activation. Specifically, expression of the phosphatases SHP1, SHP2, and PP2A are increased, and levels of the CD28 receptor (which is increases immune activation when bound to B7–1 or B7–2) are decreased via endocytosis of the cell surface receptors. Binding of B7–1 or B7–2 on cytotoxic T-cells with CTLA-4 on dendritic cells results in increased IDO expression which leads to increased levels of the immunosuppressive Treg cells.