PTX3 inhibits phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages and enhances the apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. (A) Recombinant PTX3 protein was incubated with differentiated THP-1 cells, labeled in green by F4/80, and ulatraviolet (UV)-damaged dead SH-SY5Y cells, labeled in red by PKH-26. The phagocytosis of dead SH-SY5Y cells by macrophages was monitored by flow cytometry. The percentage of phagocytosed SH-SY5Y cells under each condition was expressed as the mean ± standard deviation from 3 independent experiments (mean ± SD, n = 3, * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01 by Student t test). (B) Incubation with PTX3 enhanced the accumulation of dying SH-SY5Y cells. Recombinant PTX3 protein as indicated was incubated with differentiated THP-1 cells and serum starvation-treated, dying SH-SY5Y cells, labeled in red by PKH-26. The amount of SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis was assessed by PI staining, followed by flow cytometry. Results from a representative experiment are shown in the left panel. The increase of apoptosis with PTX3 relative to controls without PTX3 is shown on the right (mean ± SD, n = 3).