Table 2:
Baseline patient and hospital characteristics. SE stands for standard error.
| Baseline characteristics for all index admissions | |
|---|---|
| Demographics | Mean (SE) or Percent for continuous and categorical variables respectively |
| Age, years mean (SE) |
66.0 (0.14) |
| Females | 53.7% |
| Median income for patient’s ZIP code | |
| First quartile | 40.2% |
| Second quartile | 27.4% |
| Third quartile | 19.2% |
| Fourth quartile | 13.1% |
| Primary payer | |
| Medicare | 64.1% |
| Medicaid | 11.6% |
| Private insurance | 14.2% |
| Self-pay | 6.8% |
| No charge | 0.9% |
| Other | 2.5% |
| Hospital characteristics | |
| Bed size | |
| Small | 11.8% |
| Medium | 25.7% |
| Large | 62.6% |
| Teaching status | |
| Metropolitan nonteaching | 36.8% |
| Metropolitan teaching | 52.8% |
| Nonmetropolitan hospital | 10.4% |
| Hospital control | |
| Government, nonfederal | 11.1% |
| Private, not-for-profit | 68.4% |
| Private, investor-owned | 20.6% |
| Comorbidities | |
| Diabetes mellitus without complications | 31.8% |
| Diabetes mellitus with complications | 13.5% |
| Heart failure | 34.4% |
| Chronic kidney disease | 34.6% |
| CKD stage 1 | 0.2% |
| CKD stage 2 | 1.8% |
| CKD stage 3 | 13.5% |
| CKD stage 4 | 6.4% |
| CKD stage 5 | 11.6% |
| CKD, not otherwise specified | 8.5% |
| End-stage renal disease | 12.7% |
| Valvular heart disease | 6.5% |
| Obesity | 22.0% |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 13.5% |
| Chronic lung disease | 24.6% |
| Pulmonary circulation disease | 4.5% |
| Chronic liver disease | 2.3% |
| Coagulopathy | 5.4% |
| Drug abuse | 5.2% |
| Alcohol abuse | 4.7% |
| Charlson comorbidity index Mean (SE) |
3.22 (0.01) |
| End-organ involvement | |
| Acute or unspecified heart failure | 63.2% |
| Acute myocardial infarction | 12.6% |
| Ruptured aortic aneurysm or dissection | 4.3% |
| Hypertensive encephalopathy | 5.4% |
| Subarachnoid, intracerebral or nontraumatic extradural hemorrhage | 5.8% |
| Cerebral thrombosis, transient cerebral ischemia, other cerebrovascular disease | 22.2% |
| Papilledema with increased intracranial pressure | 0.01% |
| Retinal hemorrhage | 0.1% |
| Index hospitalization outcomes | |
| Length of stay in days Mean (SE) |
7.0 (0.06) |
| Cost of index hospitalization in 2018 US dollars Mean (SE) |
16,623 (185) |
| Disposition | |
| Routine | 56.4% |
| Transfer to short-term hospital | 1.3% |
| Transfer to skilled nursing facility or intermediate care facility | 21.7% |
| Home healthcare | 19.1% |
| Discharge against medical advice | 1.5% |