Table 3. Characteristics of interventions during infancy.
| Author Year |
Study location | Population | Study Design | Theoretical Framework | Level of Influence | Intervention | Participant | Effectiveness |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study Name | Study Setting | Analytical Sample a | Domains of Influence | Delivery | Treatment provider | |||
| Machuca [19] 2016 |
Bronx, NY | Enrolled in WBG by age 2 months; Attended at least on WBG group and 24- or 30-month well-child care visit | nRCT | Trans-theoretical model stages of change; Social Learning Theory | Interpersonal, Individual, Community | Behavior and Diet | Mothers, Infant | Significant: at 2 years, I group were significantly less likely to have a BMI-for-age ≥ 85th percentile compared with C (2.1% vs. 15.0%; OR 0.12; 95% C; 0.02–0.94; P = .02) |
| Well Baby Group (WBG) | Federally Qualified Healthcare Center | Mothers: I = 47; C = 140 | Biological, Behavioral, Sociocultural environment, Healthcare system | Group mother sessions | Pediatrician Registered Dietitian | |||
| Schroeder [21] 2015 |
Baltimore, MD | Healthy infants; ≥2000 g birth weight; discharged home < 5 days post birth | Randomized cluster | Not stated | Individual, Interpersonal | Behavior, Diet and PA | Parents, Infant | Not Significant: at age 24 months, no between group difference in growth pattern; for example, mean (SD) BMIz-scores I = [0.339 (1.13) vs.C = 0.218 (0.95), P >.05] |
| Growing Leaps and Bounds | Health Centers | Centers = 4; Infants: I = 112; C = 110 | Biological, Behavioral, Healthcare system | Individual sessions, Brochures, Phone, Postcards | Pediatrician; Nurse practitioner; Clinic staff | |||
| Paul [20] 2011 |
Hershey, PA | Mothers intending to breastfeed; Newborn infants | RCT (2 x 2 design) | Not stated | Interpersonal, Individual | Behavior and Diet | Mothers, Infant | Significant: at 1 year, infants in both I groups had lower mean WFL percentiles compared with C (I = 33rd percentile vs. C = 50th percentile; P = .009) |
| Sleeping and Intake Methods Taught to Infants and Mothers Early in life (SLIMTIME) | Home | Mother Infant pairs = 110; Soothe/Sleep, n = 29; Introduction of solids, n = 29; Both, n = 22; None, n = 30 | Biological, Behavioral | Individual sessions, face-to-face, video, Instructional handouts | Research Nurse |
Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index kg /m2, C, comparator group; I, Intervention group; nRCT, non-randomized control trial; OR, Odds ratio; PA, physical activity; RCT, randomized control trial; SD, Standard deviation; WFL, weight-for-length; WIC, Women, Infants, and Children Program; Wt, weight
a Sample size is the analytical sample or sample included in the primary analysis