Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population.
| TH | IHP | NT | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n=109) | (n=43) | (n=45) | ||
| Age, years | 43.7 ± 11.8 | 44.2 ± 13.5 | 42.8 ± 11.8 | 0.875 |
| BMI, Kg/m 2 | 27.7 ± 4.3# | 27.5 ± 3.9 | 25.8 ± 4.1 | 0.029 |
| Sex (male, %) | 65.4 | 61.4 | 49.1 | 0.058 |
| Smoking (%) | 45.6 | 31.6 | 32.7 | 0.061 |
| SBP, mmHg | 151.6 ± 14.0∗ | 136.4 ± 13.7∗ | 118.3 ± 9.0 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg | 94.8 ± 10.2∗ | 85.9 ± 8.6∗ | 73.2 ± 8.5 | <0.001 |
| 24h SBP, mmHg | 141.1 ± 11.1∗ | 127.6 ± 8.7∗ | 115.8 ± 7.4 | <0.001 |
| 24h DBP, mmHg | 88.9 ± 9.4∗ | 80.2 ± 6.5∗ | 73.2 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Day SBP, mmHg | 146.7 ± 10.9∗ | 133.2 ± 9.4∗ | 120.3 ± 7.3 | <0.001 |
| Day DBP, mmHg | 93.1 ± 9.2∗ | 84.7 ± 6.8∗ | 77.5 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Night SBP, mmHg | 128.6 ± 13.8∗ | 115.2 ± 9.3∗ | 104.8 ± 8.6 | <0.001 |
| Night DBP, mmHg | 78.9 ± 11.4∗ | 69.6 ± 7.3 | 64.8 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Dippers (%) | 65.7 | 73.7 | 66.7 | 0.705 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 202.1 ± 40.4 | 204.1 ± 44.7 | 193.2 ± 36.5 | 0.386 |
| GFR (ml/min/1.73m 2 ) | 118.7 ± 34.5 | 110.7 ± 27.8 | 110.0 ± 32.0 | 0.216 |
| PRA (ng/ml/h) | 0.39 (0.13-1.21) | 0.70 (0.20-1.33) | 0.69 (0.16-1.55) | 0.444 |
| Aldosterone (ng/100ml) | 10.8 (7.1-16.3)# | 10.1 (6.3-16.1) | 7.5 (5.4-11.7) | 0.034 |
| 24h urine sodium (mmol/24h) | 145.6(97.9-199.8) | 136(82.7-187.5) | 118.8(70.9-187.5) | 0.255 |
| Augmentation index 75% | 23.2 ± 13.0 | 20.5 ± 10.5 | 18.5 ± 17.1 | 0.229 |
| PWV (m/sec) | 8.08(7.2-9.3)∗ | 7.8(7.2-8.6)∗ | 6.8(6.1-7.4) | <0.001 |
| 24h urine albumin (mg/24h) | 19.2 (10.0-33.0)# | 24.0 (12.0-35.0)@ | 11.7 (5.8-27.6) | 0.039 |
| Capillary rarefaction (%) | 37.0 | 30.8 | 24.0 | 0.120 |
TH: true hypertensives, IHP: intermediate hypertensive phenotypes, and NT: normotensives.
SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, MBP: mean blood pressure, BMI: body mass index, GFR: Glomerular Filtration Rate, PRA: plasma renin activity, h: hour, and PWV: pulse wave velocity.
Continuous variables were described as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or as median (interquartile range) according to the normality of their distribution.
Comparisons among qualitative variables were made by chi-squared analysis and among quantitative variables with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons.
∗ : p≤0.001, $: p<0.01, #: p<0.05, and @: p=0.059 for differences between normotensives and the other groups.