Table 4.
Epidemiologic risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus colonization among elementary school children in Gondar town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2018.
| Characteristics | Number (%) | Overall Staphylococcus aureus isolates | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) positive for S. aureus | No. (%) negative for S. aureus | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P value | |||
| Residence | Urban | 345 (55.47) | 83 (24.06) | 262 (75.94) | 0.87 [0.6-1.27] | 0.48 | - | - |
| Rural | 277 (44.53) | 60 (21.66) | 217 (78.34) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| Sex | Male | 317 (51) | 79 (24.92) | 238 (75.08) | 0.8 [0.55-1.16] | 0.244 | - | - |
| Female | 305 (49) | 64 (20.98) | 241(79.02) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| Age in years | 6-10 years | 221 (35.5) | 48 (21.72) | 173 (78.28) | 1.20 [0.606-2.381] | 0.599 | - | - |
| 10-15 years | 345 (55.5) | 81 (23.48) | 264 (76.52) | 1.09 [0.565-2.090] | 0.804 | - | - | |
| > 15 years | 56 (9.0) | 14 (25) | 42 (75) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| Educational status | Grade 1-4 | 308 (49.5) | 71 (23.05) | 237 (76.95) | 0.99 [0.684-1.443] | 0.971 | - | - |
| Grade 5-8 | 314 (50.5) | 72 (22.93) | 242 (77.07) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| Family's monthly income | <500 birr | 295 (47.4) | 59 (20) | 236 (80) | 1.51 [0.989-2.307] | 0.056 | 1.38 [0.83-2.27] | 0.214 |
| 500-1000 birr | 130 (20.9) | 30 (23.08) | 100 (76.92) | 1.26 [0.753-2.105] | 0.380 | 1.13 [0.65-1.97] | 0.66 | |
| >1000 birr | 197 (31.7) | 54 (27.41) | 143 (72.59) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Family size category | 2-5 | 301 (48.4) | 62 (20.6) | 239 (79.40) | 1.30 [0.893-1.895] | 0.17 | 1.33 [0.90-1.96] | 0.148 |
| >5 | 321 (51.6) | 81 (25.23) | 24 0 (74.77) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | |
|
| ||||||||
| No. of students in classroom category | 21-40 | 75 (12.06) | 19 (25.3) | 56 (74.7) | 0.38 [0.15-0.98] | 0.046 | 0.38 [0.15-0.98] | 0.046 |
| 41-60 | 486 (78.14) | 117 (24.1) | 369 (75.9) | 0.41 (0.18-0.9] | 0.031 | 0.41 [0.18-0.92] | 0.031 | |
| >60 | 61 (9.8) | 7 (11.5) | 54 (88.5) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | |
|
| ||||||||
| History of chronic disease | Yes | 77 (12.4) | 18 (23.38) | 59 (76.62) | 1.03 [0.58-1.80] | 0.931 | - | - |
| No | 545 (87.6) | 125 (22.94) | 420 (77.06) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| History of hospitalization | Yes | 100 (16.1) | 23 (23) | 77 (77) | 1.00 [0.60-1.66] | 0.998 | - | - |
| No | 522 (83.9) | 120 (22.99) | 402 (77.01) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| History of surgery | Yes | 39 (6.3) | 9 (23) | 30 (77) | 1.01 [0.47-2.17] | 0.989 | - | - |
| No | 583 (93.7) | 134 (21.27) | 449 (77.02) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| History of visit hospitals/clinic | Yes | 299 (48.1) | 71 (23.75) | 228 (76.25) | 1.09 [0.747-1.577] | 0.667 | - | - |
| No | 323 (51.9) | 72 (22.29) | 251 (77.71) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| History of contact with health care worker | Yes | 71 (11.4) | 18 (25.35) | 53 (74.65) | 1.16 [0.654-2.048] | 0.616 | - | - |
| No | 551 (88.6) | 125 (22.69) | 426 (77.31) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| History of antibiotic usage in the past 4 weeks | Yes | 93 (15.0) | 20 (21.51) | 73 (78.5) | 0.90 [0.53-1.54] | 0.712 | - | - |
| No | 529 (85.0) | 123 (23.21) | 406 (76.75) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| Adherence to antibiotic therapy | Completed | 73 (11.7) | 13 (17.81) | 60 (82.19) | 1.406 [0.75-2.65] | 0.291 | - | - |
| Not completed | 18 (2.9) | 6 (33.33) | 12 (66.67) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| History of respiratory infection | Yes | 91 (14.6) | 22 (24.18) | 69 (75.82) | 1.08 [0.64-1.82] | 0.771 | - | - |
| No | 531 (85.4) | 121 (22.79) | 410 (77.21) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | - | - | |
|
| ||||||||
| Mothers' educational status | Unable to read & write | 271 (43.6) | 57(21.033) | 214 (78.97) | 1.2 [1.03-3.85] | 0.039 | 1.57 [0.723-3.422] | 0.253 |
| Informal education | 68 (10.9) | 17 (25) | 51 (75) | 1.594 [0.713-3.563] | 0.256 | 1.49 [0.596-3.733] | 0.371 | |
| Primary school | 153 (24.6) | 35 (22.88) | 118 (77.12) | 1.79 [0.890-3.602] | 0.102 | 1.47 [0.678-3.190] | 0.299 | |
| Secondary school | 81 (13.0) | 17 (20.99) | 64 (79.01) | 2.0 [0.903-4.429] | 0.087 | 1.68 [0.714-3.970] | 0.217 | |
| Above grade 12 | 49 (7.9) | 17 (34.69) | 32 (65.30) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | |
|
| ||||||||
| Fathers' educational status | Unable to read & write | 211 (33.9) | 41 (19.43) | 170 (80.57) | 1.98 [1.063-3.685] | 0.031 | 1.98 [1.063-3.685] | 0.039 |
| Informal education | 97 (15.6) | 28 (28.87) | 69 (71.13) | 1.18 [0.596-2.323] | 0.640 | 1.18 [0.596-2.323] | 0.715 | |
| Primary school | 146 (23.5) | 31 (21.23) | 115 (78.77) | 1.77 [0.921-3.405] | 0.087 | 1.77 [0.921-3.405] | 0.105 | |
| Secondary school | 103 (16.6) | 22 (21.36) | 81 (78.64) | 1.76 [0.871-3.544] | 0.115 | 1.78 [0.871-3.544] | 0.132 | |
| Above grade 12 | 65 (10.5) | 21 (32.31) | 44 (67.69) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | 1(ref) | |
Note: ref: reference; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.