Figure 5.

Induction of M1 macrophage polarization by endogenous Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7–9 ligands. (a) THP-1 macrophages and (b) bone marrow-derived macrophages were treated with 2 μg/mL LL37, LL37/DNA, or LL37/RNA complex for 24 h. Polarization of the macrophages into M1 and M2 phenotypes was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis for expression of their signature genes. Data represent mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments; ^∗∗ P < 0.01 compared with the controls.