Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of studied participants according to the PPARG2 Pro12Ala (rs1801282) polymorphism.
| Variables | Total | Pro12Ala polymorphism | p value∗ | Adjusted p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=146 | ProPro (N=127) | Ala carriers (N=19) | |||
| Clinical, anthropometrical, and body composition variables | |||||
| Age (years) | 39.82 ± 8.70 | 40.00 ± 8.64 | 38.63 ± 2.12 | 0.524 | |
| Female/male, N (%) | 125 (85.6)/21 (14.4) | 108 (86.4)/19 (90.5) | 17 (13.6)/2 (9.5) | 1.000† | 0.427a |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 46.09 ± 6.42 | 45.62 ± 6.12 | 49.26 ± 1.75 | 0.020 | 0.026 b |
| Fat mass (kg)1 | 61.43 ± 13.02 | 60.52 ± 12.73 | 67.67 ± 13.67 | 0.029 | 0.046 b |
| Fat-free mass (kg)1 | 57.22 ± 8.86 | 57.00 ± 9.06 | 58.77 ± 7.43 | 0.431 | 0.227b |
| SBP (mmHg) | 128.66 ± 17.89 | 124.35 ± 13.82 | 133.92 ± 22.51 | 0.011 | 0.022 c |
| DBP (mmHg) | 85.92 ± 13.68 | 81.63 ± 9.65 | 87.60 ± 16.04 | 0.024 | 0.050c |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 40 (27.4) | 36 (28.4) | 4 (21.0) | 0.593‡ | 0.400d |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 96 (65.8) | 83 (65.4) | 13 (68.4) | 0.793† | 0.760c |
| Dyslipidemia, N (%) | 114 (78.1) | 102 (80.3) | 12 (63.2) | 0.099‡ | 0.122c |
| Log MVPA (min/week)2 | 44.54 ± 61.42 | 46.67 ± 63.73§ | 31.17 ± 43.27§ | 0.260 | 0.204e |
| Sedentary time (min/day)2 | 1175.25 ± 83.06 | 1174.10 ± 83.45 | 1182.44 ± 80.56 | 0.685 | 0.817e |
|
| |||||
| Biochemical parameters | |||||
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 110.73 ± 45.38 | 112.12 ± 47.92 | 101.47 ± 20.15 | 0.342 | 0.350d |
| Fasting glucose range, N (%) | 0.596† | 0.441d | |||
| <100 mg/dL, N (%) | 85 (58.2) | 75 (88.2) | 10 (11.8) | ||
| ≥100 mg/dL, N (%) | 29 (19.9) | 52 (85.2) | 9 (14.8) | ||
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 23.43 ± 14.88 | 23.04 ± 14.51 | 26.03 ± 17.34 | 0.415 | 0.413d |
| HOMA-IR | 6.44 ± 4.91 | 6.42 ± 4.86 | 6.56 ± 4.72 | 0.915 | 0.829d |
| GHb (%) | 6.29 ± 1.45 | 6.30 ± 1.47 | 6.23 ± 1.32 | 0.843 | 0.875d |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 188.68 ± 36.57 | 190.42 ± 36.86 | 177.05 ± 33.12 | 0.138 | 0.232c |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47.47 ± 11.11 | 47.69 ± 11.49 | 45.95 ± 8.20 | 0.525 | 0.501c |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 119.20 ± 34.01 | 110.08 ± 34.68 | 103.42 ± 29.42 | 0.429 | 0.497c |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 160.16 ± 78.60 | 163.42 ± 80.67 | 138.37 ± 60.34 | 0.196 | 0.331c |
|
| |||||
| Dietary intake | |||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1709.50 ± 704.50 | 1682.55 ± 695.05 | 1889.62 ± 759.68 | 0.233 | 0.139e |
| Proteins (%) | 17.42 ± 4.60 | 17.58 ± 4.61 | 16.34 ± 4.54 | 0.274 | 0.239e |
| Carbohydrates (%) | 51.64 ± 8.56 | 51.79 ± 8.72 | 50.64 ± 7.49 | 0.589 | 0.593e |
| Lipids (%) | 27.97 ± 6.59 | 27.74 ± 6.70 | 29.51 ± 5.70 | 0.278 | 0.245e |
| Saturated (%) | 8.38 ± 2.65 | 8.30 ± 2.70 | 8.98 ± 2.26 | 0.294 | 0.372e |
| Polyunsaturated (%) | 4.29 ± 1.66 | 4.25 ± 1.57 | 4.52 ± 2.24 | 0.515 | 0.452e |
| Monounsaturated (%) | 7.62 ± 2.60 | 7.54 ± 2.63 | 8.16 ±2.40 | 0.363 | 0.509e |
| P : S ratio | 0.56 ± 0.28 | 0.56 ± 0.27 | 0.55 ± 0.36 | 0.438 | 0.475e |
| Cholesterol (g) | 222.50 ± 120.74 | 217.38 ± 114.16 | 256.66 ± 157.45 | 0.187 | 0.206e |
| Fiber (g) | 15.28 ± 8.04 | 15.03 ± 8.21 | 16.52 ± 9.72 | 0.472 | 0.452e |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or N (%). BMI: body mass index; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; GHb: glycated hemoglobin; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MVPA: moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; P : S ratio: polyunsaturated : saturated fatty acids ratio. ∗Student's t-test; †chi-squared test; ‡Fisher's exact test. 1N=141; 2N=138. aAdjusted for age, BMI, sedentary time, and diabetes; badjusted for age, gender, sedentary time, and diabetes; cadjusted for age, gender, sedentary time, BMI, and diabetes; dadjusted for age, gender, sedentary time, and BMI; eadjusted for age, gender, BMI, and diabetes; §values were presented backtransformed.