Figure 1.

Left side: overview of main components of a future eHealth system for remote examination of a patient at home using telemedicine for teleappointments between physicians and patients and eHealth diagnostic devices for remote testing. Right side: simple-to-use devices that can analyze untreated biological samples at eHealth settings. (A) Paper strip for urinalysis; (B) paper-based device for accessing liver function; (C) cellphone attachment that reads disposable lateral flow tests; (D) sample in–result out device for analyzing nasal swab to detect nucleic acids; (E) microfluidic cassette connected to a smartphone dongle for infectious diseases detection; (F) SAW (surface acoustic waves) biochip for the HIV detection in blood; (G) chip-based microfluidic device for the detection of lithium in blood; (H) wristband for real-time detection of glucose, sodium, and chloride ions in sweat; (I) sweat-monitoring patch for measuring sweat rate, temperature, and chloride ions concentration; and (J) mouthguard that integrates a biosensor and a wireless circuit board for uric acid detection in saliva. The figures were reproduced with permission from refs (93) (A), (201) (B), (112) (C), (137) (D), (199) (E), (192) (F), (195) (G), (45) (H), (59) (I), and (72) (J).