Figure 2.

Examples of modified smartphones and dedicated devices for signal acquisition and data transmission to the cloud: (A) smartphone for reading lateral flow tests; (B) smartphone for bio-chemiluminescent detection on paper devices; (C) multifunctional electrochemical detector for performing various types of electrochemical techniques (e.g., chronoamperometry, pulsed voltammetry, potentiometry) using readily available electrodes; (D) updated version of device C that facilitates temperature control and electrochemical detection on paper-based devices; (E) smartphone for liquid-based colorimetric assays; and (F) surface plasma resonance biosensor installed on a smartphone. The figures were reproduced with permission from refs (111) (A), (108) (B), (180) (C), (174) (D), (179) (E), and (191) (F).