Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of sample (n = 4,098)
| Variable | Total (n = 4,098) | CES-D < 10 (n = 3,024) | CES-D 10 + (n = 1,074) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) / % | Mean (SD) / % | Mean (SD) / % | |
| Control variables | |||
| Age | 69.50 (6.75) | 68.90 (6.56) | 70.08 (7.51) |
| Female | 57.2 | 53.0 | 69.2 |
| Education | |||
| Elementary school or less | 67.4 | 62.0 | 82.4 |
| Middle school | 12.3 | 13.6 | 8.6 |
| High school | 14.2 | 16.9 | 7.0 |
| College or more | 6.1 | 7.5 | 2.0 |
| Marital status | |||
| Married | 71.1 | 76.2 | 56.6 |
| Widowed | 27.2 | 22.7 | 39.7 |
| Others | 1.7 | 1.1 | 3.6 |
| Working | 23.6 | 26.7 | 15.1 |
| Self-rated health | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.9 |
| Social engagement | |||
| Religious service | 23.1 | 23.9 | 21.0 |
| Social gathering | 49.1 | 53.5 | 36.5 |
| Reunion (school/hometown) | 12.7 | 15.4 | 5.3 |
| CES-D | |||
| Wave 1 2006 | 7.25 (5.57) | 4.76 (2.69) | 14.26 (4.3) |
| Wave 2 2008 | 8.45 (5.85) | 7.12 (5.15) | 12.18 (6.07) |
| Wave 3 2010 | 8.70 (6.02) | 7.54 (5.41) | 11.96 (6.43) |