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. 2018 Dec 28;6:11–21. doi: 10.2147/JHC.S159805

Table 3.

Common genetic alterations seen in HCC, CC, and cHCC-CC41,50,85

HCC CC cHCC-CC
Loss of heterozygosity at chromosomes 8 p, 17q, 4q, 16q, 13q, 6q, and 7 p Microsatellite instability (MSI-H) Loss of heterozygosity at chromosomes 3q, 14q
Inactivation of tumor-suppressor genes such as TP53 TP53 mutations TP53 mutations
Activation of oncogenes such as CTNNB1/beta-catenin and Wnt pathway K-RAS mutations Rb-1 locus replication error pattern
ARID1A ARID1A
BPRM1
IDH1/IDH2
ARID1A
CTNNB1
TP53 RYR3 FBN2
MYC amplification

Abbreviations: CC, cholangiocarcinoma; cHCC-CC, combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; MSI-H, microsatellite instability high.