Table 1.
Ingredients | Constituents | Origin/preparation | Carcinogens/products |
---|---|---|---|
Areca nut | Polyphenols: Flavonoids, Tannins | Unripe/ripe, whole/sliced raw/roasted/sundried boiled/soaked in water fermented (under mud) | Arecoline, MNPN |
Alkaloids: Arecoline, Arecaidine, Guvacine, Guvacoline | |||
Carbohydrate, Fat, Proteins, Crude fibers, Minerals | |||
Tobacco | Aliphatic/aromatic hydrocarbons, Alkaloids- Nicotine, Nornicotine, Cotinine, Anatabine, Anabasine | Sundried, fermented boiled with molasses perfumed concentrated extract (Kiwam) | NNN, NNK, NAT, NAB,* Benzo (a) Pyrene (BaP), toxic metals |
Catechu | Catechu- Tannic acid, Acacatechin, Quercetin, and Catechu red | Extracted form heartwood of Acacia Catechu or Suma leaves of Uncaria Gambler, bark of Lithocarpus Polystachya (nang ko) | ROS when used with lime |
Slaked lime | Calcium carbonate | From coral, shell fish, quarried lime stone | ROS when used with lime |
Spices | Clove, cardamom, aniseed | Plants | - |
Sweeteners | Sugar, saccharine | Sugar cane | - |
Essences | Menthol, mint, saffron, sandalwood, and musk ketones. | Plants, trees | - |
Tobacco specific N-Nitrosamines
MNPN: 3-(methylnitrosamino) propionitrile; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; NNN: N'-nitrosonornicotine; NAB: N'-nitrosoanabasine; NAT: N'-nitrosoanatabine; NNK: 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone