Table 2.
Examples of metabolomic studies associated with FGR/SGA.
| Sample specimen | Participants (n) | Outcomes | Analytical platforms | Metabolites | Statistical analysis | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cord blood: serum | 43 (22 IUGR) | IUGR, AGA (appropriate for gest. Age) | LC-HRMS (orbitrap) | Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and glutamate to discriminate between IUGR and AGA | P<0.05, ROC curve: sensitivity between 91-100% and specificity between 85-89% | [54] |
| Fetal rabbit brain tissue | Living: 9 (4IUGR) Stillborn: 7 (6 IUGR) |
IUGR, control | LC-QTOF-MS | N-acetylaspartylglutamic acid (NAAG), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), ornithine, L-lysine, asparagine, histidine, and leucine intermediate 2-keto-isovalerate, succinate, pantothenate, malondialdehyde and 3-nitrotyrosine, purine, 3,4-dihydroxybutyric acid, nucleotide GMP, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), palmitoleic acid and oleic acid | P<0.05 | [46] |
| Urine (end of the first trimester) | 464 (36 FGR, 19 SGA) | FGR, SGA, Controls | NMR | significant association FGR with decreased levels of acetate, formate, tyrosine and trimethylamine in urine adjusted for education, maternal age, parity, smoking during pregnancy; SGA was associated with leucine and N-acetyl neuraminic acid | 95% confi.int., AUC for FGR: 63.7-66.3% | [45] |
| Urine of IUGR newborns | 56 (26 IUGR) | IUGR, controls | NMR | Discrimination between IUGR and control neonates by myo-inositol, sarcosine, creatine and creatinine | / | [177] |
| (a) cord plasma (b) early pregnancy maternal plasma |
(a) 14 (8 SGA) (b) 340 (73 SGA) |
SGA, control | UPLC-MS | Pregnanediol-3-glucuronide OR 3alpha,20alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-pregnane 3-glucuronide, LysoPC(16:1) OR Cervonyl carnitine,6-hydroxysphingosine OR (4OH,8Z,t18:1) OR 3b-Allotetrahydrocortisol OR 15-methyl-15-PGD2 OR 15R-PGE2 methyl ester, Leucyl-leucyl-norleucine OR Sphingosine 1-phosphate, Cervonyl carnitine AND/OR 1R,25-dihydroxy-18-oxocholecalciferol, 17-[(Benzylamino)methyl]estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,17beta-diol, PC, phosphocholine; PGD, Prostaglandin D; PGE, prostaglandin E. significant different between SGA and controls in both studies associated with cord plasma and week 15 plasma | P<0.05, robust predictive model of 19 metabolites of presymptomatic SGA: AUC of 0.9 | [47] |