Table 2.
Comparison of the Optimal and Excessive Sodium Group in Korean Americans With Type 2 Diabetes (N = 227).
| Indicators | n (%)/M (SD) | Range | Optimal group (I)(n = 74) | Excessive group (2) (n = 153) | Difference (1 – 2) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic information | ||||||
| Age, years | 58.7 (8.4) | 35-76 | 59.2 (8.1) | 58.6 (8.7) | 0.6 (1.2) | .600 |
| Male | 135 (58.2) | 35 (26.7%) | 96 (73.3%) | −46.6% | .027 | |
| Education level | ||||||
| Less than high school | 110 (47.7) | 39 (36.1%) | 69 (63.9%) | −27.8% | .282 | |
| High school or greater | 122 (52.3) | 35 (29.4%) | 84 (70.6%) | −41.2% | ||
| Financially stable | 82 (36.3) | 24 (29.3%) | 58 (70.7%) | −41.4% | .401 | |
| Married | 206 (88.8) | 60 (29.9%) | 141 (70.1%) | −40.2% | .014 | |
| The length of stay in the United States, years | 24.1 (11.2) | 1.3-53 | 25.5 (10.3) | 23.5 (1 1.7) | 2.0 (1.6) | .207 |
| Duration of diagnosed DM, years | 7.9 (7.2) | 0-35 | 9.4 (8.0) | 7.1 (6.6) | 2.3 (1.0) | .026 |
| Limited health literacy | 190 (83.7) | 0-6 | 61 (32.1) | 129 (67.9) | −35.8% | .719 |
| No health insurance | 108 (47.6) | 36 (33.3%) | 72 (66.7%) | −33.4% | .822 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 25.4 (0.2) | 17.7-35.7 | 25.6 (3.2) | 25.4 (3.1) | 0.18 (0.4) | .692 |
| Dietary intake | n(%)/M (SD) | Median (IQR) | Optimal Group (I)(n = 74) | Excessive Group (2) (n = 153) | Difference (1 – 2) | p value |
| Calorie status and level (kcal/day) | ||||||
| Malesa | 1933.0 (697.4) | 1823.9 (974.6) | 1471.9 (541.9) | 2069.2 (673.9) | −597.3 (126.7) | <.001 |
| Femalesb | 1510.1 (566.2) | 1481.5 (742.5) | 1239.0 (496.9) | 1690.3 (544.1) | −451.3 (107.4) | <.001 |
Note. BMI = body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; M = mean; SD = standard deviation; IQR = interquartile range. Optimal group: sodium ⩽2,300 mg/day; Excessive group: >2,300 mg/day. Values in boldface indicate statistical significance (p < .05).
a
n (Optimal) = 35, n (Excessive) = 96.
b
n (Optimal) = 39, n (Excessive) = 57.