Figure 1. Overview of the subtypes of neutrophil-derived EVs. NDTRs are generated from neutrophil migrating toward the inflammatory foci. The physical interactions between neutrophils and endothelial cells induce the uropod elongation, and the elongated uropod is detached from neutrophils, leaving NDTRs. The primary function of NDTRs is to guide subsequent immune cells through the inflammatory foci. NDMVs are generated from neutrophils at the inflammatory foci. After extravasation, neutrophils produce substantial amounts of NDMVs. NDMVs provide host defense against pathogens through direct bactericidal activity and also inhibit the pro-inflammatory responses of other immune cells. Furthermore, NDMVs limit the excessive inflammatory responses of nearby cells by enhancing anti-inflammatory genes and cytokines.
